Texcotzingo

Texcotzingo (alternatively, Tetzcotzingo) located roughly 20 miles East, North-East of central Mexico City, is contested as one of the first extant botanical gardens in the world, along with Montezuma's gardens in Huastepec.

Texcotzingo is adjacent to the then capital city of Texcoco and acted as the summer imperial gardens, resplendent with all the royal trappings of the time including imperial and courtly residences and fantastic waterworks. Tetzcotzingo however should also be seen as a hedonist/sacred space, agricultural space, political statement or emblem, performance space and earthworks. [Avilés (2006)]

Created/designed by Nezahualcoyotl, in the 15th century, these imperial gardens were used to collect and display plant and animal specimens towards an encyclopedic understanding of fauna and flora of the whole of the Aztec empire as well as the cultivation of medicinals. Conceived as a place for sensual gratification on one hand and as a re-creation of paradise on the other. Dedicated to the rain god Tlaloc, (He Who Makes the Plants Spring Up), Texcotzingo was designed by incorporating Aztec myths through sculpture depicting gods and sacred number observances (such as the number 52). New hydraulic projects and terrace gardens transformed the previously un-arable land into lush eatable gardens containing the three ubiquitous staples of the Americas - maize, beans and squash. Waterways were also used to connect pools imbued with historical and mythical significance - through monolithic sculptures and symbolic representations, therefore reasserting the Aztec's empire connection to mythic cosmographies and preceding empires. One clear example is a bath/pool flanked by three frogs representing the three city states of Tenochitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan, cities which created the ruling empire of the central Mexico basin for a century. Aesthetic manifestations of practiced myths - vital to Aztec culture - also occupied an important place at Texcotzingo, with spaces designed for the performance of poetry, singing, dancing and oration. The transformation of the mountain of Texcotzingo into art and the perception that the mountain itself is art - in that it holds high significance (mythical or otherwise) in pre-columbian culture classifies Texcotzingo as an earthwork. There is also a permeable connection between the ideas of art, culture and nature manifested by rock/sculptures, existing flora/plantings, etc. in the design of Texcotzingo .

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References

: cite journal |author=aut|Avilés, Paul |year=2006 |title=Seven Ways of Looking at a Mountain: Tetzcotzingo and the Aztec Garden Tradition |journal=Landscape Journal |location=Madison |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press, on behalf of the UW-Madison Dept. of Landscape Architecture and the Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture (CELA) |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=pp.143–157 |doi=doi:10.3368/lj.25.2.143.2006 |issn=0277-2426 |oclc=7534225: cite journal |author=aut|Granziera, Patrizia |year=2001 |month=Winter |title=Concept of the garden in pre-Hispanic Mexico |journal=Garden History |location=London |publisher=Garden History Society (Great Britain) |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=pp.185–213 |doi= |issn=0307-1243 |oclc=199661938