Elvia Carrillo Puerto

Elvia Carrillo Puerto (1878 – 1967) was a Mexican socialist politician and feminist activist.cite book|last=Boles|first=Janet K.|coauthors=Diane Long Hoeveler|title=Historical Dictionary of Feminism|publisher=Scarecrow Press|date=2004|pages=70|isbn=0810849461] Elvia had been married at the age of 13 and widowed by 21. She founded Mexico's first feminist leagues in 1912,cite book|last=Reed|first=Alma M.|coauthors=Michael Karl Schuessler, Elena Poniatowska|title=Peregrina: Love and Death in Mexico|publisher=University of Texas Press|date=2007|pages=2, 148, 181|isbn=0292702396] including the League of Rita Cetina Gutierrez (Spanish: "Liga Rita Cetina Gutierrez") in 1919. In 1923, Elvia became Mexico's first woman state deputy, and elected to the Chamber of Deputiescite book|last=Joseph|first=G. M.|title=Revolution from Without: Yucatán, Mexico, and the United States, 1880-1924|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=March 31, 1982|pages=218|isbn=0521235162] cite book|last=Lavrin|first=Asunción|title=Latin American Women: Historical Perspectives|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|date=1978|pages=291|isbn=0313203091] Due to Elvia's contributions to Mexican government and history, she was officially decorated as a "Veteran of the Revolution." Elvia's tireless dedication to the revolution and women's movement earned her the nickname "The Red Nun" (Spanish: "La Monja Roja").cite book|last=Fallaw|first=Ben|title=Cárdenas Compromised: The Failure of Reform in Postrevolutionary Yucatán|publisher=Duke University Press|date=2001|pages=184|isbn=0822327678]

Feminist leagues

1912–1922

Elvia Carrillo Puerto is credited with starting numerous feminist leagues in Mexico, the most prominent being the The Rita Cetina Gutierrez League, named after one of Yucatán's greatest educators. The feminist leagues focused on many tasks to promote women's rights, beginning in Mérida, Yucatán, where the first were founded in 1912, and eventually spreading through Southeastern Mexico, into Central Mexico in later years. The organization led a campaign against prostitution, the use of drugs, alcoholism, superstition and fanaticism.cite book|last=Ruiz|first=Ramón Eduardo|title=Triumphs and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People By p303 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|date=1992|pages=303|isbn=0393310663] In attempts to uplift women, the Liga Rita Cetina Gutierrez, founded in 1919, often gave talks on child care, economics and on hygiene for poor women. The league inspected schools and hospitals, and helped to establish a state orphanage.cite book|last=Pilcher|first=Jeffrey M.|title=The Human Tradition in Mexico|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2003|pages=145|isbn=0842029761] Through the feminist leagues which Elvia founded, family planning programs were instituted with legalized birth control, the first in the Western Hemisphere. Elvia believed large families were a barrier to a better life for the poor and distributed literature by Margaret Sanger, who would later go on to found the American Birth Control League, later known as Planned Parenthood, material Sanger could not distribute in the United States for legal reasons. The leagues also setup prenatal and postnatal care for women.

1923–1925

Elvia is noted as having devoted herself full time to touring Southeastern Mexico with the goal of organizing Mayan women into leagues and preparing them for civic responsibility. The leagues would identify women of special aptitude and train them to fill elective posts in the city and state government. Elvia, after her brother and governor Felipe Carrillo Puerto permitted women the right to vote and hold office, was elected in 1923 to the Yucatán legislature, Mexico's first female member of state legislature.cite book|last=Pilcher|first=Jeffrey M.|title=The Human Tradition in Mexico|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|date=2003|pages=145|isbn=0842029761] Elvia won the election by an overwhelming 5,115 votes. While a member of government, Elvia promoted the issue of land reform, proposing plans that would provide campesinos with farms capable of sustaining their families. In doing so Elvia organized local chapters of women into Gualbertista Central Agrarian Communities for Females, named after he brother, senator and land reform activist, Gualberto Carrillo Puerto.

In 1923 as women's rights were advancing, Felipe Carrillo Puerto was assassinated. Felipe's death signaled a change in the local government, as well as in women's rights. While permitting women's rights in Yucatán, he had not been able to have those rights reflected in the constitution of Mexico, after his death those rights were revoked by the incoming leadership of Juan Ricardez Broca. With a new government in power, women were removed from positions in municipal and state government offices, women's suffrage was revoked, and social programs through women's leagues were no longer supported.cite book|last=Raat|first=W. Dirk|coauthors=William H. Beezley|title=Twentieth-century Mexico|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=1986|pages=20, 22, 23|isbn=0803289146] Elvia moved to San Luis Potosí following the death of her brother Felipe, the new center of the women's rights movement.cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Victoria Elizabeth|title=Women in Contemporary Mexican Politics|publisher=University of Texas Press|date=2003|pages=97|isbn=0292771274] In 1925, Eliva was elected to the national Chamber of Deputies as a representative of San Luis Potosí, she was however denied the seat due to suffrage and office holding being restricted to males, while local governments had permitted such roles, they were still not recognized nationally.

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