Augustinus Rotundus

Augustinus Rotundus ( _pl. Augustyn Rotundus, _lt. Augustinas Rotundas, 1520–1582) was a Christian and Renaissance humanist, erudite, jurist, political writer, first historian and apologist of Lithuania. Rotundus was vogt of Vilnius, general secretary to the Grand Duke and King Sigismund Augustus and elder of Stakliškės. After his nobilitation to the szlachta, Rotundus adopted surname Mieleski, or Milewski. [pl icon [http://www.google.pl/books?id=8WxKAAAAIAAJ&q=De+dignitate+ordinis+ecclesiastici+Regni+Poloniae&dq=De+dignitate+ordinis+ecclesiastici+Regni+Poloniae&lr=&hl=en&pgis=1 Zdzisław Czeszejko-Sochacki: Słownik biograficzny adwokatów polskich] ]

Biography

Rotundus was born in Wieluń around year 1520. His surname is supposed to be "Mieleski", although some researchers suggest that it was adopted later. "Rotundus" is translated nickname, probably inherited from his father – Mikołaj ( _en. Nickolas) "Okrągły" ( _la. Rotundus), who was a rich furrier in the city of Wieluń.

Rotundus studied in University of Wittenberg and Lubrański Academy in Poznań, where he was suspected of writing a nasty lampoon about Poznań catholic chapter. Undoubtedly Rotundus was a passionate catholic after graduation and supported Hereditary monarchy and Execution movement.

He arrived in Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on August 20, 1551.lt icon Albinas Jovaišas, Augusto Rotundo Lietuvos valstybės vizija (Vision of Lithuanian State by Augustinus Rotundus). In "Šešioliktojo amžiaus raštija, Series: Senoji Lietuvos lteratūra vol.5, Vilnius 2000. ISBN 9985-934-58-2, p. 77] He was invited by Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund Augustus as a legal advisor, and one who knew both Grand Duchy and Crown's law. Assigned as vogt of Vilnius in 1552 (most probably suggested by city inhabitants), he became loyal citizen of Lithuania, and wrote several works on Lithuania's history and political polemic works defending Lithuania's rights. In 1558 he was appointed as elder of Stakliškės.Jovaišas, p.79 ]

He was married to Sofia Montanówna, Italian by origin (she died after March 10 1604). They had a son, Nickolas, who died in his infancy and two daughters: Regina and Elizabeth. [ [http://www.istorija.lt/lim/ragauskiene2000en.html Raimonda Ragauskienė and Aivas Ragauskas: Did Augustyn Rotundus Mieleski Have One Or Two Wives?] ] For his work and achievements Rotundus was nobilitated in 1568 by Sejm held in Grodno. He was awarded Rola coat of arms (alternative names: "Agricola, Rolanin, Rolic").

Augustinus Rotundus died on March 20 1582 and was buried in the church of Saint John's - the Baptist and Evangelist, in Vilnius.

Ideas and works

Rotundus supported Lithuanian statehood against claims of the Polish Crown. He was progenitor of mythical deductions and his passion were noble families. Rotundus contributed to the second and the third Statutes of Lithuania. He collaborated on these acts together with Peter Roisius, Ostafi Wołłowicz and Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł. He personally translated the Second Statute into Latin and added his own study "Epitome principum Lituaniae" (Lithuanian Dukes Epitome) as a foreword. In this study Rotundus promoted the idea, that Lithuanians together with their Dukes have roots in the ancient Roman Empire, from the mythical house of Palemonids. Similar theories were raised by Jan Długosz, but both were lacking evidences to support this theory.

Rotundus was probably contributing to the second edition of the Lithuanian Chronicles. He claimed that Publius Libonus, Roman commander who fled from Julius Caesar and supposedly settled down in Lithuania, was ancestor of Lithuanian and Ruthenian rulers. Supposedly the name of "Livonia" comes from "Libonus". In his opinion, this explained why Latin language was common in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and also served to support sarmatism ideals. [ [http://books.google.pl/books?id=qsBco40rMPcC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=Augustyn+mieleski&source=web&ots=jFVVP4bxxA&sig=uab6KDT2yvfm0hfY6d3ycJLAlIM&hl=en The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty] ] Rotundus was a close friend to other Vilnius renaissance scholars like physician Jan Antonin ( _la. Joannes Antoninus) and a poet Klemens Janicki ( _la. Clemens Ianicius), after the latter died, both published Ianicius artworks. [ [http://books.google.pl/books?id=VoFks1eW75oC&pg=PA247&lpg=PA247&dq=Augustinus+Rotundus&source=web&ots=wIgeqNUnmW&sig=u9BlUBHCKZPJdtr1ysvgkaFHJh8&hl=en#PPA284 M1 Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism] ]

In 1564 on personal request by Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł Rotundus wrote "Rozmowy Polaka z Litwinem" ("Conversations of Pole with Lithuanian") – a polemic work, where he defended Lithuania's dignity against insults by Polish author Stanisław Orzechowski in "Quincunx" (1554), "...against disgraceful and mistaken Stanisławs Orzechowski writing, which innocent famous Lithuanian Duchy insulted...". Although it is recognized as Rotundus personal work, after thorough analysis of the work Lithuanian historian Inge Lukšaitė suggested that it was a collective work by several authors. [lt icon Lukšaitė, Ingė, Andrius Volanas XVI-XVIIa. Lietuvos visuomeninės pertvarkos kryžkelėse (Andrius Volanas in the crossroads of 16th-17th century Lithuania's society reformation), in: A. Volanas Rinktiniai raštai, ed: M. Ročka and I.Lukšaitė, Vilnius, 1996.]

References

Bibliography

* "Rozmowy Polaka z Litwinem" 1564 ("Conversations of a Pole with Lithuanian")
* "Epitome principum Lituaniae" 1566 ("Lithuanian Dukes Epitome")
* "De dignitate ordinis ecclesiastici Regni Poloniae" Kraków 1582 [pl icon [http://www.google.pl/books?id=Zh8HAAAAMAAJ&q=De+dignitate+ordinis+ecclesiastici+Regni+Poloniae&dq=De+dignitate+ordinis+ecclesiastici+Regni+Poloniae&hl=en&pgis=1 Eugeniusz Jarra: Historia Polskiej Filozofii Politycznej, 966-1795] ]

Further reading

* Poleminiai ir istoriografiniai Augustino Rotundo raštai (Polemic and historigraphic writings by Augutinus Rotundus), articles and translations by various authors in "Šešioliktojo amžiaus raštija, Series: Senoji Lietuvos lteratūra vol.5, Vilnius 2000. ISBN 9985-934-58-2 p.75-44.
* [http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=1212&from=&dirids=1 "Rozmowy Polaka z Litwinem"] ( Digitalized book, java required)