- Conspiracy theories about the death of Zia-ul-Haq
The
President of Pakistan , General Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane crash onAugust 17 1988 , about which several conspiracy theories exist.Crash
On 17 August 1988, General Zia and five of his generals had visited a test site to observe a demonstration of the
M1 Abrams main battle tank, which the US was trying to persuade Pakistan to buy. He and his entourage flew toBahawalpur , about convert|330|mi|abbr=on south ofIslamabad in the president'sC-130 Hercules aircraft, then flew to the test site by helicopter. Afterwards, they returned to Bahawalpur for lunch, then boarded the C-130 for the return flight to Islamabad.Citation | last = Crossette | first = Barbara | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Who Killed Zia? | journal =World Policy Journal | volume = XXII | issue = 3 | pages = | date = Fall 2005 | year = | url = | doi = | id = ]The aircraft departed Bahawalpur early, ahead of a storm. The president's C-130 had been fitted with an air-conditioned VIP capsule where Zia and his American guests were seated. It was walled off from the flight crew and a passenger and baggage section in the rear. The plane was packed with Pakistani army officers, including General
Akhtar Abdul Rehman , chairman of the Pakistani Joint Chiefs of Staff, as well as American Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel and General Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the U.S. Military aid mission to Pakistan.Shortly after takeoff, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses cited in Pakistan's official investigation said that the C-130 began to pitch "in an up-and-down motion" while flying low shortly after take-off before going into a "near-vertical dive", exploding on impact, killing all on board.
Investigation
Washington sent a team of USAF officers to assist the Pakistanis in the investigation, but the two sides reached sharply different conclusions.
US conclusions
Mrs Ely-Raphel and Brigadier-General Wassom's widow were both told by US investigators that the crash had been caused by a mechanical problem common with the C-130, and that a similar incident had occurred to a C-130 in
Colorado which had narrowly avoided crashing.Robert Oakley , who replaced Arnold Raphel as US ambassador following the crash and helped to handle the investigation has also expressed this view. He has pointed out that 20 or 30 C-130s have suffered similar incidents. He has identified the mechanical fault as a problem with the hydraulics in the tail assembly. Although USAF pilots had handled similar emergencies, the Pakistani pilots were less well equipped to do so, lacking C-130 experience and also flying low.Citation | last = Bone | first = James | author-link = | last2 = Hussain | first2 = Zahid | author2-link = | title = As Pakistan comes full circle, a light is shone on Zia ul-Haq's death | newspaper =The Times | pages = | year = | date = 16 August 2008 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4543628.ece]Pakistani conclusions
Some weeks after the crash, a 27-page summary of a secret 365-page report was produced by Pakistani investigators in which they said that they had found evidence of possible problems with the aircraft's elevator booster package, as well as frayed or snapped control cables. Analysis by a US lab found "extensive contamination" by brass and aluminium particles in the elevator booster package, but the report said "failure of the elevator control system due to a mechanical failure... is ruled out". It cited the aircraft-maker Lockheed as saying that "even with the level of contamination found in the system, they have not normally experienced any problems other than wear".
The report concluded that the contamination of the elevator booster package might at worst have caused sluggish controls leading to overcontrol but not to an accident. In the absence of a mechanical cause, the Pakistani inquiry concluded that the crash was due to an act of sabotage. They found no conclusive evidence of an explosion on the aircraft, but said that chemicals that could be used in small explosives were detected in mango seeds and a piece of rope found on the aircraft. They also added that "the use of a chemical agent to incapacitate the pilots and thus perpetuate the accident therefore remains a distinct possibility".
Theories
Barbara Crossette, bureau chief of The New York Times in South Asia from 1988 to 1991 has written that, "Of all the violent political deaths in the twentieth century, none with such great interest to the U.S. has been more clouded than the mysterious air crash that killed president (and Army Chief General) Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq of Pakistan in (August) 1988, a tragedy that also claimed the life of the serving American ambassador and most of General Zia’s top commanders". [http://www.nogw.com/download/2005_mossad_hit_non-news.pdf]
No evidence has come to light to prove a conspiracy, although several theories do exist. The
United States ,India , followed byAfghanistan and theSoviet Union have all been suspected. In addition, Zia had enemies at a high level within Pakistan's own government.CIA assassination
A common suspicion within Pakistan, although with no proof, is that the crash was a political assassination carried out by the senior arm of the American
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) or SovietKGB . One theory had it that the CIA had spiked mangos withVX gas to eliminate Zia because of his unreliable commitment to a more democratic government and his loyalty to AfghanMujahidin .General
Hameed Gul , the head of Pakistan’sInter Services Intelligence agency at the time, suggested that the US might be responsible, even though the US Ambassador and military attaché were also killed. He told "The Times " that the Pakistani President was killed in a conspiracy involving a "foreign power".Early reports suggested that Raphel had only been summoned to join the flight at the last minute, which fueled conspiracy theories blaming the US. However, Raphel's widow has stated that her husband always planned to join General Zia on the aircraft, and that it was General Wassom who was added at the last minute.
Pakistan
Some have suspected the anti-Zia group
al-Zulfikar , led byMurtaza Bhutto , brother ofBenazir Bhutto , the Pakistani politician who would ultimately gain most from Zia's departure. Generals Zia's sonIjaz-ul-Haq told Barbara Crossette a year after the crash that he was "101 percent sure" that Murtaza was involved. Benazir Bhutto suggested that the fatal crash might well have been an "act of God". She was also accussed of having rejoiced at Zia's death, because Zia had ordered her father,Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto hanged.People have also pointed to some senior dissatisfied generals of the
Pakistan Army itself. [ [http://www.edwardjayepstein.com/archived/zia.htm Edward Jay Epstein's Home Page ] at www.edwardjayepstein.com] GeneralMirza Aslam Beg , who became Chief of Army Staff following General Zia's death, witnessed the crash from his aircraft, which had just taken off. Instead of returning to Bahawalpur he instead headed for Islamabad, an action which later caused controversy and led some to allege that he was involved in the incident since he had reportedly been scheduled to fly with Zia in the flight, but had changed his plans at the last minute. He was later accused by Zia's son Ijaz-ul-Haq as being behind the attackPilot
It was mentioned in a piece in "The Sunday Times" on 24 August 2008 that the pilot of the C-130, Wing Commander Mash'hood Hassan, had previously confided to an associate of
Abdul Qadeer Khan that he hated Zia, and held him responsible for the murder of a local religious figure, saying that "The day Zia flies with me, that will be his last flight". [Citation | last = Simon | first = Henderson | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = Pakistan's Dr Nuke bids for the presidency | newspaper =Sunday Times | pages = | year = | date = 24 August 2008 | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4595628.ece]Mossad
In the Fall 2005 "
World Policy Journal ",John Gunther Dean , a former USambassador to India, blamed theMossad , theIsraeli intelligence agency , for orchestrating Zia's assassination in retaliation for Pakistan developing a nuclear weapon to counteract India, and to prevent Zia, an effective Muslim leader, from continuing to influence US foreign policy.References
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