Toolroom

The word toolroom (less often styled tool-room or tool room) has three related senses. The senses have evolved over the past two centuries as technology itself has evolved.

Storing tools

The oldest and most concrete sense of the word "toolroom" is simply a room where tools are stored. The word used in this sense is attested in written English at least as early as 1829. [citation | author = Merriam-Webster | authorlink = Merriam-Webster | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | edition = 11th | print run = 10th | publisher = Merriam-Webster | year = 2007 | location = Springfield, Massachusetts, USA | page = 1317 | isbn = 978-0-87779-809-5.] In this sense, a toolroom is analogous to a toy chest: it is simply where workers place their tools when they clean up at the end of a project, the way a child places his toys in the toy chest when he cleans up after playing.

Making, repairing, and storing tools

The second sense (which largely overlaps with the most basic sense above) is a room where more than simply storage occurs. In this sense, tools are made, repaired, inventoried (kept track of), and distributed for use throughout the rest of a factory. This extension of sense reflects the development of greater systemization in manufacturing. During the 19th century, there gradually developed the division of labor whereby the people who made, repaired, kept records of, stored, and retrieved tools were not necessarily the same people who used the tools to do the manufacturing work itself. Examples of division of labor had existed in prior centuries, but most manufacturing had been done on a craft basis, where there had been no need for the idea of a toolroom separate from the rest of the workshop (or a word to name it).

The two senses above can also be conveyed by the word "toolcrib (tool-crib, tool crib)". Although the word "toolroom" is still sometimes used today in those simpler senses (and probably always will be because of the obvious correspondence of word to literal meaning), mechanical engineers, toolmakers, and other trained machinists usually use the word in its abstract tool-and-die sense, which is discussed below. This restriction of sense is aided by using another word (such as "toolcrib") to refer to the simpler, concrete senses.

Tool-and-die facilities and methods

The third sense, which is how the word "toolroom" is usually used today in the jargon of engineering and manufacturing, is everything related to tool-and-die facilities and methods, in contrast to the factory floor and production line activity. For people not familiar with these fields, in order to understand the specialist usage, some explanation is needed:

Within the general field of machining there is a rough but recurring division between (a) toolroom practice and (b) production practice (the making of large numbers of duplicate parts). It is the difference between manufacturing itself and the tool-and-die work that is done in support of the manufacturing. Anecdotal examples of similar distinctions can probably be found here and there throughout human history, but as a widespread part of the "fabric" of material culture, this distinction (and the terminology with which to talk about it) has evolved since the Industrial Revolution, and most especially since the advent of armory practice and later mass production.

A good, simplistic way to summarize the change in ideas is to compare the making of a certain product in different time periods. In 1750, a rifle was made in a workshop by a craftsman using hand tools, and if he needed a new tool, it is likely that he would make it himself using the same tools and methods that he would use to make his product, the rifle (smithy, files, woodcarving knives, etc.) This type of craftsmanship can still be done today, but it is expensive in terms of skilled labor time per unit of output, and therefore it implies small total output volume and high unit price. However, today the way to make rifles in large quantity with low unit price is to first do the tool-and-die work (toolroom work) (that is, make, or have someone else make, machine tools, jigs, and fixtures), and then use those specialized tools to mass-produce the rifles in an automated way that involves no toolroom methods.

Another example, instead of comparing different centuries, simply compares different methods of toolpath control that could be chosen today: If you need a certain hole location on each part for your drill bit, will you dial it carefully by hand "many times" (once for each part produced), or will you dial it carefully by hand "only once"—while making a fixture for subsequent drilling to be quickly and effortlessly guided by?

The manufacturing of small batches has often presented the biggest challenge to this division of methods. When only a small batch of output is demanded, will one (a) produce each piece using "custom" methods (handcrafting or toolroom-style layout and machining), which drives up unit cost; or (b) maintain the capital-cost-intensive toolroom-production division, which also drives up unit costs in its own ways? In other words, is it worth one's time to make a fixture, and is it worth tying up a drill press's availability by setting it up for dedicated use with that fixture? The drill press may be needed tomorrow for a different part, with a different setup. For 100 parts, it is worth it to make a fixture and tie up a machine's availability. For 5 parts, maybe one should just make each of the 5 using toolroom-style layout and toolpath control.

The evolution of IT and its integration into manufacturing is changing the questions and equations still further. For example, CNC and robotics have led the way to rapid prototyping and instant manufacturing, which shift the toolroom-production division by giving an up-front toolroom investment the flexibility to be quickly and easily used for any product design, with batch size irrelevant.

In large corporations there may be a very distinct division of labor between toolroom work and production machining, with different employees for each, whereas job-shop work is often a blend of toolroom work and production work, because each project requires some of both, and the same employees may "wear each hat" in sequence.

On the other hand, if CADCAM and instant manufacturing are developed to their full potential, the paradigm would become moot, as after the initial building of the machine tool, there is only the running of an endless variety of programs by it, with no toolroom work left to be done.

From a room to a concept

As with the term "emergency room", the origins of the term "toolroom" lie in activities that occurred literally in one room, but like "emergency room", the term has been figuratively extended in both substantive and adjectival senses to all such places and the methods used there, regardless of the physical space.

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