Wishbone formation

The wishbone formation, also known simply as the ’bone, is an offensive formation in American football. The style of attack to which it gives rise is known as the wishbone offense. Like the spread offense today, the wishbone was considered to be the most productive and innovative offensive scheme in college football during the 1970s and 1980s.cite news |first=Kirk |last=Bohls |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Forty years later, the spread is the new wishbone |url=http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/sports/stories/longhorns/08/27/0827bohls.html |work=Austin American-Statesman |publisher= |date=2008-08-27 |accessdate= ]

The wishbone has the quarterback taking the snap from under center, with a fullback close behind him, and two halfbacks (sometimes called "tailbacks") further back, one slightly to the left, and the other slightly to the right. The alignment of the four backs makes an inverted Y, or “wishbone”, shape. There is typically one wide receiver and one tight end, but sometimes two wide receivers, or two tight ends.

The wishbone was designed to facilitate a running, option offense. It allows the quarterback to easily run the Triple Option to either side of the line.

History

While the record books commonly refer to Emory Bellard developing the invention of the wishbone formation in 1968 as offensive coordinator at Texas, the wishbone's roots can be traced back to the 1950s. According to Barry Switzer, it was Charles “Spud” Cason, football coach at William Monnig Junior High School of Fort Worth, Texas, who first modified the classic T formation in order “to get a slow fullback into the play quicker.” [See p. 72 of cite book |last=Switzer |first=Barry |authorlink=Barry Switzer |coauthors=Shrake, Bud |title=Bootlegger's Boy |year=1990 |publisher=William Morrow |location=New York |isbn=0688093841 ] Cason called the formation “Monnig T”. Bellard learned about Cason's tactics while coaching at Breckenridge High School, a small community west of Fort Worth.

Earlier in his career Bellard saw a similar approach implemented by former Detroit Lions guard Ox Emerson, then head coach at Alice High School near Corpus Christi, Texas. Trying to avoid the frequent pounding of his offensive line, Emerson moved one of the starting guards into the backfield, enabling him to get a running start at the opposing defensive line. Bellard served as Emerson's assistant at that time. During his high school coaching career in the late '50s and early '60s, Bellard adopted the basic approaches of both Cason and Emerson, as he won two 3A Texas state championships Breckenridge in 1958 and 1959 and a 4A state title at San Angelo Central High School in 1966, using a wishbone-like option offense.

In 1967 Bellard was hired by Darrell Royal and became offensive coordinator a year later. The Texas Longhorns only scored 18.6 points per game in a 6-4 season in 1967. After watching Texas A&M, running Gene Stallings' option offense, beat Bear Bryant's Alabama team in the 1968 Cotton Bowl, Royal instructed Bellard to design a new three-man back-field triple option offense. Bellard tried to merge his old high school tactics with Stallings' triple option out of the Slot-I formation and Homer Rice's variations of the Veer, an offensive formation created by Bill Yeoman.

Introducing the new offensive scheme at the beginning of the 1968 season, "Houston Chronicle" sportswriter Mickey Herskowitz stated it looked like a “pulley bone”, while Royal agreed but changed the name to “wishbone”. [ [http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/uploads/pages/winningtrads/texas_fb_history.pdf The History of Texas Football] ] Royal quickly embraced the idea of the wishbone, which proved to be a wise choice: Texas tied its first game running the new offense, lost the second, and then won the next thirty straight games, leading to two National Championships using the formation. [ [http://www.capcitysportsreport.com/past/november/offensive_mastermind.pdf CCSR Issue #6: Offensive mastermind] ]

Bellard later left Texas and – using the wishbone – guided Texas A&M and Mississippi State to bowl game appearances in the late 1970s. At Mississippi State Bellard “broke the bone” and introduced the “wing-bone”, moving one of the halfbacks up to a wing formation and frequently sending him in motion. Another variation of the wishbone formation is called the flexbone.

Ironically, the longest running wishbone offense was run not by Texas but by their arch-rivals, the University of Oklahoma, who ran variations of the wishbone well into the mid 1990s. Oklahoma coach Barry Switzer has been credited by some for having “perfected” the use of the wishbone offense and former OU quarterback Jack Mildren is often referred to as "the Godfather of the wishbone" throughout College Football lore Fact|date=July 2008. The Oklahoma Sooners wishbone offense set the all-time NCAA rushing average in 1971, a record which still stands to this day Fact|date=July 2008.

The wishbone's reliance on execution and discipline, along with its ability to eat up the play clock, make it a favorite of programs that routinely play opponents with superior size and speed, such as the three service academies. [cite news|url=http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080416/SPORTS/804160355/-1/SPORTS|title=Service academies playbooks] Air Force saw tremendous success running the option game out of the wishbone. In 1985, Air Force climbed to #2 in the country, just barely missing the national championship game, under Head Coach Fisher DeBerry. Army football saw success using the wishbone under head coaches Jim Young and Bob Sutton in the 1980s and early 1990s, leading to the school's only bowl appearances (10-6 win over Michigan State in the 1984 Cherry Bowl; 31-29 win over Illinois in the 1985 Peach Bowl; 29-28 loss to Alabama in the 1988 Sun Bowl; and a 32-29 loss to Auburn in the 1996 Independence Bowl) and its only 10-win season. [cite news|url=http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080819/SPORTS/80819027/-1/SPORTS|title=Black Knights poised for a new option|date=2008-08-19|work=Associated Press]

Phil Jack Dawson, then head coach of Westbrook High School in Westbrook, Maine, developed an effective defense against the wishbone offense then in use by Texas, called “backbone defense”. [cite book |last=Dawson |first=Phil Jack |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Defeating triple-option offenses with the backbone defense |year=1974 |publisher=Parker Pub |location=West Nyack, N.Y. |isbn=0131972774 ] Dawson contacted Ara Parseghian, then head coach of the University of Notre Dame, and convinced him to use it against Texas in the 1971 Cotton Bowl. Notre Dame beat Texas 24-11.

References