History of parliamentary procedure

The history of parliamentary procedure refers to the origins and evolution of parliamentary law used by deliberative assemblies.

"Demeter's Manual" traces the origins of parliamentary law, by which is meant orderly deliberation and action by an assembly of persons or a body of citizens, to circa 750 B.C. in Greece. It was during that era that the idea of self-government, with the right to deliberate in assembly and to speak and vote on public questions, was conceived. The Greeks instituted the Athenian agora, equivalent to the American town meeting, consisting of the whole body of male citizens above eighteen years of age, which met forty times each year on the Acropolis. Any citizen could address the meeting from the Bema and vote on questions before the assembly.

Circa 450 B.C., the Romans adopted the concept of self-government and expanded it with the institution of the Roman Forum, where Roman orators addressed the General Assembly from the Rostra and the people afterward voted on pending questions.cite parl|title=DEM|pages=4-5]

According to Robert's Rules of Order, one commonly held view is that "our own tradition of parliamentary process may be traced to ways of life in Anglo-Saxon tribes before their migration to the island of Britain starting in the fifth century A.D. Among these peoples on the continent of Europe, the tribe was the largest regularly existing political unit." [cite parl|title=RONR|pages= XXVI-XXVII (RONR)] MSN Encarta notes, "Each of the several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had its own witenagemot until the subjugation of them all by Egbert, king of Wessex, between 825 and 829. Thereafter the witenagemot of Wessex gradually developed into a single assembly for the whole country." [ [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557008/witenagemot.html Witenagemot - MSN Encarta ] ] RONR notes that the structure of Ango-Saxon governmental machinery was left largely intact even after Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings assembling a "Great Council" of court officials, barons, and prelates that was constitutionally a continuation of the witenagemot.

In the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, the Great Council was converted into the English Parliament. The distinguishing feature of these early parliaments was that the barons were invited to not only express their opinions individually to the king, but to discuss with each other the business "of king and kingdom" rather than only "the king's business." The earliest parliament clearly identifiable as of this character was held in 1258. It was during the Thirteenth Century that the rules of parliamentary law started taking form as a science. The clerk of the House of Commons began writing the Journal of the House of Commons on his own initiative in 1547, which became a source of precedent in parliamentary procedure. [RONR (10th ed.) p. XXVII-XXVIII] "Legislative Procedure: Parliamentary Practices and the Course of Business" notes that "many usages were crystallized, so to speak, by the ruling of a Speaker or by some formal action of Parliament, such as a resolution or simple vote." [cite book|title=Legislative Procedure: Parliamentary Practices and the Course of Business|author=Luce, Robert|date=1922|pages=14] British parliamentary procedures were carried over to the American colonies and became the foundations of legislative procedure in the U.S. states. Jefferson's Manual, published in 1801, recognized indebtedness to John Hatsell's "Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons". [cite book|title=Manual of Parliamentary Practice|author=Jefferson, Thomas|date=1801|pages=xv] In the U.S. House of Representatives, parliamentary procedure was perfected into a system which was described in the U.S. House "Rules and Manual" thusly: [cite book|title=Rules and Manual|author=Deschler, Lewis|publisher=U.S. House|pages=vi]

The development of parliamentary law was similar to that of the common law. "Mason's Manual" notes that parliamentary law was built on precedents created by decisions on points of order or appeals and by decisions of courts. It was guided in its development by the authority to make rules inherent in every deliberative body. The common law of parliamentary procedure, however, did not rest upon mere custom but upon reasonable and equitable custom. "Mason's Manual" notes: [cite parl|title=MAS|pages=33-34|edition=2000|year=2000]

By the beginning of the 20th century, "Robert's Rules of Order", had been almost universally adopted. [ [http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/History/Vignettes/Vignette_38.htm Office of History ] ] In 1950, Alice Sturgis published the "Sturgis Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure", later revised in 2001 by AIP as "The Standard Code of Parliamentary Procedure", arguing that organizations need not continue operating under 19th century rules, and that it would be better to go with a simpler set of rules. In 1969 George Demeter published "Demeter's Manual of Parliamentary Law and Procedure, Blue Book Edition", that was longer and more indepth than the then current version of "Robert's Rules of Order Revised" (ROR).

References