Slugcatcher

Slugcatcher is the name of a unit in the gas refinery or petroleum industry in which slugs at the outlet of pipelines are collected or 'caught'. A slug is a large quantity of gas or liquid that exits the pipeline.

Slugs

Pipelines that transport both gas and liquids together, known as Two-phase flow, can operate in a flow regime known as slugging flow or slug flow. Under the influence of gravity liquids will tend to settle on the bottom of the pipeline, while the gasses occupy the top section of the pipeline. Under certain operating conditions gas and liquid are not evenly distributed throughout the pipeline, but travel as large plugs with mostly liquids or mostly gasses through the pipeline. These large plugs are called slugs.

Slugs exiting the pipeline can overload the gas/liquid handling capacity of the plant at the pipeline outlet, as they are often produced at a much larger rate than the equipment is designed for.

Slugs can be generated by different mechanisms in a pipeline:

* Terrain slugging is caused by the elevations in the pipeline, which follows the ground elevation or the sea bed. Liquid can accumulate at a low point of the pipeline until sufficient pressure builds up behind it. Once the liquid is pushed out of the low point, it can form a slug. The
* Hydrodynamic slugging is caused by gas flowing at a fast rate over a slower flowing liquid phase. The gas will form waves on the liquid surface, which may grow to bridge the whole cross-section of the line. This creates a blockage on the gas flow, which travels as a slug through the line.
* Riser-based slugging, also known as severe slugging, is associated with the pipeline risers often found in offshore oil production facilties. Liquids accumulate at the bottom of the riser until sufficient pressure is generated behind it to push the liquids over the top of the riser, overcoming the static head. Behind this slug of liquid follows a slug of gas, until sufficient liquids have accumulated at the bottom to form a new liquid slug.
* Pigging slugs are caused by Pigging operations in the pipeline. The pig is designed to push all or most of the liquids contents of the pipeline to the outlet. This intentionally creates a liquid slug.

Slugs formed by terrain slugging, hydrodynamic slugging or riser-based slugging are periodical in nature. Whether a slug is able to reach the outlet of the pipeline depends on the rate at which liquids are added to the slug at the front (i.e. in the direction of flow) and the rate at which liquids leave the slug at the back. Some slugs will grow as they travel the pipeline, while others are dampened and disappear before reaching the outlet of the pipeline.

Purpose of the slugcatcher

A slugcatcher is a vessel with sufficient buffer volume to store the largest slugs expected from the upstream system. The slugcatcher is located between the outlet of the pipeline and the processing equipment. The buffered liquids can be drained to the processing equipment at a much slower rate to prevent overloading the system. As slugs are a periodical phenomenon, the slugcatcher should be emptied before the next slug arrives.

Slugcatchers can be used continuously or on-demand. A slugcatcher permanently connected to the pipeline will buffer all production, including the slugs, before it is sent to the gas and liquid handling facilities. This is used for difficult to predict slugging behaviour found in terrain slugging, hydrodynamic slugging or riser-based slugging. Alternatively, the slug catcher can bypassed in normal operation and be brought online when a slug is expected, usually during pigging operations. An advantage of this set-up is that inspection and maintenance on the slugcatcher can be done without interupting the normal operation.

Slugcatcher design

Slugcatchers are designed in different forms:
*A vessel type slugcatcher is essentially a conventional vessel. This type is simple in design and maintenance.
*A finger type slugcatcher consists of several long pieces of pipe ('fingers'), wich together form the buffer volume. The advantage of this type of slugcatcher is that pipe segments are simpler to design for high pressures, which are often encountered in pipeline systems, than a large vessel. A disadvantage is that its footprint can become excessively large. An example of a large finger-type slugcatcher can be seen in Den Helder, The Netherlands, using [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=http:%2F%2Fbbs.keyhole.com%2Fubb%2Fdownload.php%3FNumber%3D1232152&t=k&om=1&ie=UTF8&ll=52.921789,4.794095&spn=0.003273,0.009613&z=17 Google Maps] .

A basic slug catcher design contains the buffer volume for gas and liquid. A contol system is used for controlled outflow of gas and liquid to the downstream processing facilities. The inlet section is designed to promote the separation of gas and liquid.