Ammandra

taxobox
name = "Ammandra"
regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Monocots
unranked_ordo = Commelinids
ordo = Arecales
familia = Arecaceae
subfamilia = Ceroxyloideae
tribus = Phytelephanteae
genus = "Ammandra"
species = "A. decasperma"
binomial = "Ammandra decasperma"
binomial_authority = O.F.CookO.F. Cook, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 17:220. 1927. Type:"A. decasperma"] |

"Ammandra" is a monotypic genus of flowering plant in the palm family found in South America where it is endangered. The sole species is "Ammandra decasperma", although another species has been recognized. They are a pinnate-leaved, dioecious palm whose seeds and petioles are used in button and basket making, respectively. It is commonly called Ivory palm or cabecita.

Description

"A. decasperma" grows in multi-headed clusters, the trunks usually remaining underground or prostrate upon it. Despite the negligible trunk size, the leaves reach over 6 m long, slightly arching, on 2 m petioles. The linear leaflets are dark green, 60-90 cm long, and emerge from the rachis in the same plane. In male plants the inflorescence is a long spike covered in short branches of white to yellow flowers, the female's being much shorter and more compact. The round fruit grows in clusters of 3-6 and is covered in pointed warts, each fruit containing six or more kidney shaped seeds.Uhl, Natalie W. and Dransfield, John (1987) "Genera Palmarum - A classification of palms based on the work of Harold E. Moore". Lawrence, Kansas: Allen Press. ISBN-10: ISBN-10: 0935868305 / ISBN-13: 978-0935868302]

Taxonomy

The type species described by Cook was "Ammandra decasperma"; a similar population was found being geographically separated and with minor flower differences and was designated "A. dasyneura" (Burret). In September 2001 Bernal et al. published the discovery of an "Ammandra" population located between the other two with floral characteristics represented in both groups. They, and other taxonomists since, concluded that the three populations were of a single species (see distribution map). Riffle, Robert L. and Craft, Paul (2003) "An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms". Portland: Timber Press. ISBN-10: 0881925586 / ISBN-13: 978-0881925586 (Page 250)]

Separately, the only species in the closely related "Aphandra" genus, "Aphandra natalia", was initially described as "Ammandra natalia" but was later given its own genus.

The genus name translates from Greek to "sand man", alluding to their inflorescences which are formed at ground level, often beneath the soil, and the species epithet derives from two Latin words meaning "ten" and "seed", describing the maximum number of seeds per fruit.

Distribution and habitat

These palms grow in the foothills of the Andes mountains, along Colombia's west coast as well as inland Ecuador up to 450 m in elevation. In either case, they are an understory plant usually receiving only filtered light and nearly year-round rainfall.

Cultivation and uses

"Ammandra" is not common in cultivation outside its natural range but when grown requires wet and warm conditions resembling the rain forest and will not tolerate full sun when young. It also prefers free-draining, highly organic soil. In Colombia, their large, strong petioles are commonly woven into baskets and other thatched goods, while the large white seeds, commonly called "vegetable ivory", are carved into buttons and trinkets.

References

reflist

External links

* [http://data.gbif.org/species/14721634 Distribution map]
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?521 "Ammandra" on NPGS/GRIN]
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?438196 "Ammandra decasperma" on NPGS/GRIN]
* [http://palmguide.org/genus.php?family=ARECACEAE&genus=Ammandra Fairchild Guide to Palms: "Ammandra"]