Satoru Kobayashi (director)

Infobox actor
name = Satoru Kobayashi


caption =
birthname =
birthdate = August 8, 1930
birthplace = Nagano Prefecture, Japan
deathdate = death date and age|2001|11|15|1930|8|1
deathplace =
restingplace =
restingplacecoordinates =
othername =
occupation = Film director
yearsactive = 1959–2001
website =
awards =

nihongo|Satoru Kobayashi|小林悟|Kobayashi Satoru was a Japanese film director most famous for directing the first "pink film", the type of softcore pornographic films that became the most prolific film genre in Japan during the 1960s and 1970s. Japanese sources claim that Kobayashi directed over 400 "pink films" between 1960 and 1990, making him possibly the most prolific Japanese film director.cite book |last=Weisser|first=Thomas|coauthors=Yuko Mihara Weisser|title=Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films|year=1998|publisher=Vital Books : Asian Cult Cinema Publications|location=Miami|isbn=1-889288-52-7|pages=p.317] cite web |url=http://194.21.179.166/cecudine/fe_2002/eng/PinkEiga2002.htm|title=Vital flesh: the mysterious world of Pink Eiga|accessdate=2007-02-19|last=Domenig|first=Roland|date= |year=2002|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20041118094603/http://194.21.179.166/cecudine/fe_2002/eng/PinkEiga2002.htm|archivedate=2004-11-18|quote=Since the mid-1960s, pink eiga have been the biggest Japanese film genre.]

Life and career

Early life

Satoru Kobayashi was born in Nagano Prefecture on August 8, 1930. As a teenager during World War II, Kobayashi was involved in anti-war activities. Because of this, at one point he was tortured by the Japanese military police. [cite web |url=http://wm03.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:268388|title=Dan Oniroku Reijou Nawazeme (1984)|accessdate=2008-02-12|last=Firsching|first=Robert|publisher=Allmovie|language=English] In an interview with the Director's Guild, Kobayashi claimed that it was this first-hand experience with torture that gave him his interest and ability with the sado-masochistic genre of "pink film" in which he often worked.Weisser, p.140.]

Kobayashi worked as an assistant director at Shintoho studios, where, contributing to his attraction to the darker side of eroticism, he worked under "ero guro" masters Teruo Ishii and Hiroshi Shimizu. Kobayashi's directorial debut was with the independently-produced nihongo|"Crazy Desire"|狂った欲望|Kurutta yokubo (1959).cite web |url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/person/p0181230.htm|title=小林悟 (Kobayashi Satoru)|accessdate=2008-02-12|language=Japanese|publisher=Japanese Movie Database]

Flesh Market

When Shintoho declared bankruptcy in 1961, Kobayashi was forced to seek work elsewhere. [cite book |last=Schilling|first=Mark|title=The Yakuza Movie Book: A Guide to Japanese Gangster Films|origdate= |origyear=2003|publisher=Stone Bridge Press|location=Berkeley, CA|language=English|isbn=1-880656-76-0|pages=68] After a year out of the director's chair, Kobayashi wrote and directed the independent sex-film "Flesh Market" (1962). Shintoho's female pearl-diver films with actress Michiko Maeda had become notorious in the 1950s as the first Japanese films with nude scenes. "Flesh Market" was the first Japanese film to show breasts on screen. The film was released on February 27, 1962, and shut down by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department the next day. It became the first post-World War II movie to be accused of obscenity. [cite web |url=http://es.geocities.com/eiga9/articulos/obscenity.html|title=Obscenity and Article 175 of the Japanese Penal Code: A Short Introduction to Japanese Censorship|accessdate=2008-02-12|last=da Silva|first=Joaquín|date=2006-10-24] When the film was cleared for release the next year, seven scenes had been cut.cite news |first=Ryann|last=Connell|title=Japan's former Pink Princess trades raunchy scenes for rural canteen|url=http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/waiwai/archive/news/2006/03/20060302p2g00m0dm014000c.html|work=Mainichi Shimbun|date=March 2, 2006|archivedate=2006-03-12|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060312144900/http://mdn.mainichi-msn.co.jp/waiwai/archive/news/2006/03/20060302p2g00m0dm014000c.html|accessdate=2008-02-14|language=English] Unlike later mainstream "pink films", "Flesh Market" was an independent and underground film, and played only in "Adult" theaters. [Weisser, p.22.] Nevertheless, the film was a box-office success. Made for only 8 million yen, the film brought in over 100 million yen, a huge profit for an independent release. The success of this film started the "pink film" genre, which was to become one of the most vital genres of Japanese domestic cinema for the next 40 years. The star of the film, Tamaki Katori, would go on to appear in over 600 "pink films" during the 1960s, earning the nickname "The Pink Princess."

Middle career

"Flesh Market" was also only the beginning of Satoru Kobayashi's career in "pink films". Between 1960 and 1990, Kobayashi made over 400 such films. His interest in horror also expressed itself in such supernatural thrillers as nihongo|"Okinawa Ghost Story"|沖縄怪談|Okinawa kaidan (1962)– also starring Tamaki Katori [imdb title|id=0893358|title=Okinawa kaidan (1962)] – and nihongo|"Caucasian Ghost"|怪談異人幽霊|Kaidan ijin yurei (1963). [imdb title|id=0202954|title=Kaidan ijin yurei (1963)]

Kobayashi made a major miscalculation by attempting to deal with a socially significant theme in nihongo|"Impotent"|不能者|Funosha (1966). According to advertising, the film purported to be "The first film dealing with the modern illness!" However, as the Weissers point out in their "Japanese Cinema Encyclopedia: The Sex Films", the subject of impotence was a poor choice for a "pink film". After this box-office failure, Kobayashi quickly moved back to more standard "pink film" subject-matter. [Weisser, p.206.]

nihongo|"Disheveled Hair"|みだれ髪|Midaregami (1967) had Kobayashi back in more familiar and successful territory. A story of romance between the girls and guests at a hot spring resort, the film's freshness and freedom was in welcome contrast to "Impotent"'s heavy-handed moodiness. The star of the film, actress Yasuko Matsui, was Kobayashi's wife. She starred in or appeared in many of Kobayashi's films of the 1960s. The popularity of this film inspired the studio– Mutsukuni Eiga– to make a quick sequel. However this second film departed from the original's story, lacked director Kobayashi and Yasuko Matsui, and was not well-received.

Kobayashi directed Matsui again, with two other prominent "pink film" actresses of the time, in nihongo|"Pleasure of a Bitch"|あばずれの悦楽|Abazure no kairaku (1967). This action-filled sex film had the trio disguising themselves as men to rob a bank. Kobayashi became a director for Nikkatsu's "Roman Porno" series in the 1970s and Ms. Matsui followed him to the studio. Though, by this time, she was considered too old to be a leading character in these films, Matsui was often given prominent supporting roles. [Weisser, p.119.]

Later career

Kobayashi's output did not slow in later years, and he kept up with changes in the Japanese adult entertainment field. During the "Big Bust Boom", in the wake of Kimiko Matsuzaka's February 1989 debut, Kobayashi directed several films in that genre. He directed early big-bust AV performer Natsuko Kayama's nihongo|"Big Tit Against Big Tit, Rubbing!"|巨乳ＶＳ巨乳　こする！|Kyonyū tai kyonyū kosuru! (1990) for Excess, Nikkatsu's post-"Roman Porno" line of theatrical softcore pornography. [cite web |url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1990/dn001480.htm|title=巨乳ＶＳ巨乳　こする！|accessdate=2008-02-12|language=Japanese|publisher=Japanese Movie Database] Kobayashi also directed prominent post-Kimiko Matsuzaka era big-bust performer Shinobu Hosokawa in two films, nihongo|"Big Tit Soap, Come in the Valley!"|巨乳ソープ　谷間でイって！|Kyonyū soap tanide itte! (1996) [cite web |url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1996/dt002550.htm|title=巨乳ソープ　谷間でイって！|accessdate=2008-02-12|language=Japanese|publisher=Japanese Movie Database] and nihongo|"Big Tit Rape, Forced Paizuri"|巨乳レイプ　強制パイズリ|Kyonyū rape kyōsei paizuri (1997). [cite web |url=http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1997/du001580.htm|title=巨乳レイプ　強制パイズリ|accessdate=2008-02-12|language=Japanese|publisher=Japanese Movie Database] He produced and directed prominent AV idol Nao Saejima in her theatrical release, nihongo|"Erotic Ghost Story: Female Ghost in Heat"|色欲怪談　発情女ゆうれい|Shikiyoku kaidan: Hatsujo onna yurei (1995). [Weisser, p.130]

When Kobayashi's mentor, Teruo Ishii, planned his 1999 remake of Nobuo Nakagawa's "Jigoku" (1960), Kobayashi served as producer. Together with Ishii, Kobayashi was able to persuade Michiko Maeda, who had been banned from Japanese cinema 42 years before, to make her come-back appearance in the film. [cite web |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20000819071534/http://www.nifty.ne.jp/jigoku/casts.htm|url=http://www.nifty.ne.jp/jigoku/casts.htm|title=地獄: キャスト ("Hell: Cast"&ndash; < Enma Daio, the Judge of Hell > Michiko Maeda)|archivedate=2000-08-19|accessdate=2008-02-12|language=Japanese & English|publisher=Jigoku Homepage] In 2000, Kobayashi formed his own production company, and continued directing films until the year of his death. Kobayashi died of bladder cancer on November 15, 2001. [imdb name|id=0462051|name=Satoru Kobayashi (I)]

Besides having a major impact on Japanese domestic cinema by introducing the "pink film" genre, the number of Kobayashi's feature films&ndash; over 400&ndash; makes him possibly the most prolific film director in Japan's cinematic history.

Notes

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Persondata
NAME=Kobayashi, Satoru
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Japanese Film director
DATE OF BIRTH=August 8 1930
PLACE OF BIRTH=Nagano Prefecture, Japan
DATE OF DEATH=November 15 2001
PLACE OF DEATH=