Yukanthor

Prince Norodom Arun Yukanthor (1860-1934)(ទ្រង់ នរោត្តម អរុណ យុគន្ធរ) was an heir presumptive to the Cambodian throne and an outspoken critic against the French colonial rule in Cambodia. He was one of many prominent members of the Khmer royal family who was actively involved in the affairs of the kingdom, often incurred the wrath the French authorities for his anti-French activities. Deeply concerned about the French repression throughout the country and powerless to do anything inside the country, he took his concerns to the international scene in Europe. In 1900 he embarked on a journey to France to stir up public opinion, dubbed the Yukanthor Affairs, about the French oppression in Cambodia. Arriving in France, with the aid of a young sympathetic French journalist named Jean Hess, he took up his, and that of King Norodom’s, concerns to the French government and the French public. Hess organised for Cambodia’s long lists of concerns to be published in Le Figaro newspaper. The publication caused a sensational uproar in the French public and government circle. Embarrassed by Yukanthor’s campaign the French authority requested King Norodom, Yukanthor’s father, to order him to return back to Cambodia. Fearing arrest and punishment, Yukanthor, instead of returning back to Cambodia, decided to go into exile in Thailand, travelling there via Algeria. He remained in exile in Thailand until his death in 1934.(1)

Family Lineage

His Royal Highness Prince Norodom Arun Yukanthor was born in 1860 (some documents recorded his birth year as 1858). He was the son of King Norodom (1834-1904) and the grandson of King Ang Duong(1796-1860)(2). Prince Yukanthor was married to his half sister, Princess Norodom Malika (1872-1951). He had three daughters and a son. They are: 1. Princess Pengpas Yukanthor (28 JUL 1892 - 29 OCT 1969) ,2. Princess Robangpas Yukanthor (1893 - ), 3. Princess Pingpeang Yukanthor (26 DEC 1894 - 26 DEC 1966) , and 4. Prince Heanh Wachhiravongs (1896 - Aft 1969).Prince Yukanthor, like his other royal siblings, was privately educated at a royal court. After Prince Duong Chacr, the heir to the throne, was exiled to Algeria, Prince Yokanthor was appointed as Heir Apparent by his father, King Norodom, but was removed from the royal succession due to his anti-French activities. Prince Yukanthor had one politically active daughter, Princess Pingpeang Yukanthor, who was very prominent in the campaign to lobby the French parliament to vote for the return of Kampuchea Krom, the lower part of Cambodia occupied by Vietnam for many centuries, to Cambodia’s control. She was the head of the Cambodian delegation to the Assembly of the French Union in Verseilles in 1949. She was then elected to become the president of the Assembly. There were accusations that the reasons that Kampuchea Krom was not returned to Cambodia was due to the fact that she did not lobby the French National Assembly hard enough. And according to Hun Sen’s speech in 2005, she voted abstention regarding whether Kampuchea Krom should be returned to Cambodia or remain under Vietnam’s control. Son Sann, a former Cambodian prime minister and a resistance leader against the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia in the 1980s, who was a descendant of a native of Kampuchea Krom himself, had insinuated that the princess and her delegation did not lobby hard enough for Kampuchea Krom’s return to Cambodia’s control. In a speech the Cambodian National Assembly on February 27, 1994, Son Sann was quoted as saying that “thanks to the President (Princess Pingpeang Yukanthor) and to all Cambodian members, the Assembly of the French Union voted in a favourable opinion to this bill of transfer (of Kampuchea Krom to Vietnam)”.(3)Prince Yukanthor, after waging a successful campaign to embarrass the French authority for its oppression in Cambodia, was banished and exiled to Algeria, Belgium, Singapore in 1900, and then in Bangkok after 1913. Too afraid to return to Cambodia, he remained in exile in Bangkok until his death in 1934.

The Yukanthor Affairs

King Ang Duong, Prince Yukanthor’s grandfather, paved the way for France to establish its protectorate over Cambodia in order to save it from being swallowed up by its two powerful neighbours, Vietnam and Thailand. And King Norodom, Prince Yukanthor’s father, had facilitated the establishment of the French protectorate for the same reasons. Many Khmer leaders of the time welcomed and hailed the move as they believed that it will ensure Cambodia’s survival. But years of French repression and oppression and their demand for total control over Cambodia’s affairs had caused widespread discontent among the Cambodian elites. Princes were no exception. Leading the campaign against the French were three most politically astute princes, namely: Prince Norodom Yukanthor, Prince Norodom Mayura and Prince Norodom Duong Chacr. These were the three sons of King Norodom who have caused a lot of embarrassments and headaches to the French authority in Cambodia. Prince Yukanthor, like Prince Sisowath Yutevong [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtevong] , was a nationalist and was the most famous instigator of the three. Felt repressed, oppressed and being dehumanised by the French colonial authorities he embarked on a journey to France to publicly press his case with the French government and lobby the French public opinion over Cambodia’s sufferings known as the Yukanthor Affairs. The rebuffs and the disappointments of the early months of 1899 provide part of the explanation of the Yukanthor Affairs. The events surrounding Prince Yukanthor’s visit to France in 1900 are treasured in modern Cambodia as one of the instances of royal resistance to French authority. The account of his visit to Paris was published by a young French journalist named Jean Hess under the title L’Affaire Iukanthor. Hess supported the Cambodia’s position regarding its dealings with the French authorities. He visited Cambodia in 1899 and wrote one of the few entirely enthusiastic accounts of Norodom ever prepared by a French observer. It was published in Le Figaro newspaper on 13 July 1899.In his full-length article, Hess dealt with some of the developments and appointments in the council of ministers that had incurred the ire of King Norodom. According to French sources, Hess played an important part in the Yukanthor affair as he was suspected of persuading King Norodom to make a further protest against the actions of the French Protectorate. Prince Yukanthor, who was a favoured son of the king, accompanied by Hess, travelled to France in 1900 and confronted the French government with a catalogue of Norodom’s complaints. There is considerable evidence that Yukanthor’s visit was approved by Norodom, although the king later denied this when challenged by the French to denounce Yukanthor. But at least one member of the royal family opposed the visit. Another of Norodom’s son, Prince Mayura, condemned Yukanthor in a letter that he wrote to the Saigon newspaper Le Courier Saigonnais, on 14 November 1900. Mayura denounced Yukanthor as an enemy of France and urged that he be punished with exile. This was to be Yukanthor’s fate. But it was Mayura’s, too, for in 1916, suspected of working against French rule in Cambodia, Mayura himself was exiled to the remote Laotian town of Xieng Khouang.Once in Paris, in September, Yukanthor sent a long memorandum to the French prime minister and other members of the French cabinet(4). He claimed to be the heir presumptive to the Cambodian throne, placing himself in direct opposition to the long-held French view that Sisowath would succeed Norodom. There is no conclusive evidence to Norodom had at last made his own choice of successor. While it is possible that Yukanthor adopted this title to strengthen his position in France, this remains speculation. The question of whether Yukanthor had any right to be considered as heir presumptive was discussed in detail in a confidential document from Resident Superior Luce to the Governor General of Indochina in Phnom Penh on the 3rd of April in 1906. Luce was Resident Superior in 1900. In the confidential document he stated that Norodom had supported Yukanthor’s visit to France since the king had hoped, among other things, that the visit would lead to the king regaining control over some of the Cambodian tax revenues. Luce claimed that only Yukanthor himself and some of his friends regarded his position as being the heir presumptive. Yukanthor’s memorandum was a long listing of Norodom’s grievances. It rehearsed the events of the previous twenty years, recording the way in which Norodom had time and again been forced to make concessions to the French authorities under duress. French control over Cambodia, Yukanthor asserted, was “complete and absolute, tighter than in a conquered country”. The prince singled out the “boy-interpreter” Thioun and Prime Minister Um for his severest criticisms, arguing that they joined corrupt French officials in exploiting the country and discriminating against honest officials. There was only one Cambodian official for whom Yukanthor had any praise. This was Alexis Chhun, a smart young man who became an interpreter at the age of 13, who was once a favourite of Governor Doudart de Lagree and by 1900 became the official in charge of the royal treasury. According to Yukanthor, Sisowath employed thieves in his household and accused the governor general of “basing his policy on this ridiculous figure (Sisowath) who is an object of mirth for all Cambodians”.Not only was this denunciation placed before the French government; Hess also arranged for the publication of an article incorporating Yukanthor’s complaints in Le Figaro. The Ministry of Colonies reacted swiftly. Under instructions from Paris, the Resident Superior confronted Norodom with evidence of his son’s actions in Paris and demanded the king summon Yukanthor to return. In these circumstances, Norodom had little choice but to agree, and a telegram was duly dispatched. At this point an element of comic opera intrudes. Still working in close association with Hess, Yukanthor eluded the French security officials who were dogging his steps, and instead of travelling to Marseilles in late September as he had planned, he went to Brussels with the aim of continuing his campaign against French control in Cambodia.In Brussels, the French security agents kept Yukanthor under surveillance, but despite Hess efforts, public interests in France could not be rekindled. Yukanthor had little reason for continuing his stay in Europe and no inclination to return to possible punishment in Phnom Penh. He therefore travelled to Singapore, apparently arriving there in late 1900. The protectorate authorities worked to ensure that Yukanthor suffered for his boldness. The council of ministers had been informed of the criticisms that the prince had made of some of its members, and the Resident Superior indicated that punishment of some sort was expected. After a series of interviews with Norodom, the Resident Superior persuaded the king to agree that Yukanthor should either return to Cambodia, make a public apology to the officials whom he had insulted and to Sisowath the Obareach, and beg the king’s pardon, or accept as punishment permanent exile and the confiscation of all his possessions. The council of ministers unhesitatingly approved this proposal. But Yukanthor feared punishment too greatly to return to Cambodia. He lived on in exile until his death in Bangkok in 1934.In ten years following Norodom’s death in 1904 there were frequent indications that the resentment felt by members of the Norodom branch of the royal family. Yukanthor remained in exile, but his half brother Mayura was linked with various clandestine efforts to assert the inequity of Sisowath’s tenure. There was little the discontented princes could do. The French held a firm grip on the kingdom. From time to time letters circulated, arguing the rights of the Norodom branch. In Mayura’s case, French suspicion of his involvement in this activities led to his exile to the northern Laotian town of Xieng Khouang.To make sure that one of his sons, Monivong, succeeded him, in 1909 King Sisowath appealed to Klobukowski, the French Governor General of Indochina who was closely associated with Thomson in forcing Norodom to sign an 1884 convention, who suggested that Monivong would have their approval but made no promises. And Monivong eventually did succeed his father as king in 1927.

The Events Leading to the Yukanthor Affairs

The treaty signed between King Norodom and the French officials to establish the protectorate in 1863 accorded the Cambodian monarch greater say and control over the affairs of the kingdom. But by 1884, lacking the financial resources in which to continue their effective colonisation of Cambodia, the French began to demand a series of administrative reforms that would give the French Protectorate greater control over the affairs of the kingdom. Among the reforms were the abolition of slavery, the transfer of financial controls, such as tax collections and customs service, to the French as they need to generate revenue to cover the cost of the Protectorate. The French demanded that the king and his government should meet the cost of the protectorate over Cambodia. The king was of the view that the cost of the protectorate should not be the duty of Cambodia. King Norodom was concerned that the transfer of customs control to the French would destroy his prestige within the kingdom. With unanimous advice from his officials against the French proposals he adamantly refused to sign the treaty. When pressed by Charles Thomson, the governor of Cochinchina of the reasons, King Norodom insisted that he was acting in accordance with the 1863 treaty. In his letter setting forth his reasons King Norodom referred to the 1863 treaty by writing that “In the beginning I concluded a treaty of alliance and friendship with the French government and the high French officials; I was directed to observe this treaty faithfully.Now the Cambodian government sees that this new affair (the customs convention) is going to diminish the prestige of the Cambodian authority.” Enraged with Norodom’s refusal to sign the treaty, Governor Thomson retorted that the French protection applied “less to the person of the king than to the kingdom of Cambodia.” Thomson’s implication was clear: he will be removed as king if he continue to resist the French authority. But in his new mood of firm obstinacy King Norodom did not weaken his resolve.In the face of the king’s refusal to negotiate, Thomson felt that his honour and as that of France’s has been diminished. Enraged, Thom returned to see the king on the 5th and 7th of 1884. King Norodom refused to see him, stating that he was unwell. Enraged, he called for troop reinforcements and summoned three French gunboats from Saigon on the 13th of June. Thomson’s intention was to remove King Norodom from the throne and replace him with his half brother, Sisowath. If by any chance Sisowath refused to follow Thomson’s way, Thomson noted that he would arrange for a council of officials to rule the country until the question of the throne was resolved.At one o’clock in the morning of June 17, Thomson stormed the palace, demanding to see the king. Santhor Mok, the king’s secretary, tried to stop Thomson. Thomson pushed his way in by kicking Santhor Mok in the groin. Santhor Mok later wrote a poem condemning Thomson’s arrogant behaviour by saying “Oh, you old miserable Frenchman, you dare to lift your foot to kick the king’s secretary. ( A Barang A Barak, A Barang Apleak, Hean Theak Aleak Sdach”.When he reached the king’s chamber Thomson read aloud to the king the text of the convention that would have transformed Cambodia from a protectorate to something like a colony. Hearing the term of the new convention, the king’s secretary and his interpreter, Col de Monteiro, cried out to the king, “Sire, this is not a convention that is proposed to your majesty, this is an abdication”. Monteiro was then thrown out of the room by Thomson. King Norodom, left alone and shaken by Thomson‘s aggressive behaviour, had no choice but to sign. Thomson commented, “Gentlemen, here is a page of history.”By historical accounts, Thomson had also threatened to arrest King Norodom and lock him up in one of his gunboats. During the exchanges with King Norodom inside the king’s chamber Thomson was quoted as saying that if Norodom continue to refuse to sign the convention he would be confined aboard one of the gunboats lying off the palace. Norodom bravely asked Thomson: “What would you do with me aboard the Alouette?” Thomson replied: “That is my secret”.The accounts also reported that, as Thomson was forcing Norodom to sign the convention inside the king’s chamber, Sisowath waited in the wings. Before Thomson entered the king’s chamber Sisowath had already told Thomson that he was at the disposal of the French authorities. After Thomson had succeeded in forcing King Norodom to sign the convention, Sisowath congratulated him and again reiterated that he was ready to serve the French cause. Norodom never forgave Sisowath for this betrayal. Under terms of the first article of the convention, the king was obliged to “accept all the administrative, judicial, financial, and commercial reforms in order to facilitate the accomplishment of the French Protectorate”. Prince Yukanthor later confirmed and asserted that his father only agreed to sign the convention because Governor General Doumer threatened to dethrone him. He never forgave his uncle, Sisowath ,for the latter’s betrayal of his father. He had also accused some officials, particularly prime minister Um, of being the active participants in facilitating Governor Thomson’s successful forcing of the king to sign the new convention. Prince Yukanthor was very bitter toward the French and some palace officials as well as his uncle, Sisowath. This event was not the only event that caused King Norodom much distress. The many appointments of the officials without King Norodom’s approval was another factor that caused the king’s and Yukanthor’s outrage. King Norodom strongly objected to the appointments of Thioun, the great-grandfather of Thioun Thioeun, Thioun Mum, Thioun Chum and Thioun Prasith who were prominent members of the Khmer Rouge regime, as secretary general of the council of ministers, and the appointments of Poc as minister of justice and Col de Monteiro as the Kralahom (minister of defence). And the French authority had dismissed many of his favourite confidant such as Ouk and Nguon.Enraged and angry with the French treatment of his father and Cambodia in general Yukanthor, probably with the blessing of his father, in 1900, embarked on a campaign of publicity tour to France to win the French public opinion over the French actions in Cambodia which was known as the Yukanthor Affairs. Yukanthor and, to a certain extent, King Norodom, should have known full well that the same course of actions taken by ones of his sons, Prince Duong Chacr, seven years earlier had failed miserably. Prince Duong Chacr, like his half brother, Prince Yukantor and his uncle, Prince Si Votha, viewed the imposed 1884 convention as French oppression on the person of a king as well as Cambodia as a whole. In 1893, Prince Duong Chacr (also spelled Duongchak), who was very active against the French in the uprising of 1885-1886 instigated by his uncle, Prince Si Votha, embarked on a mission to France to complain to the French government about the mistreatments and brutalities perpetrated by the French authorities in Cambodia. Instead of heeding his appeal, the French government ordered him arrested and exiled him to Algeria until his death in 1897.

The Repercussions from the Yukanthor Affairs

The Yukanthor affair originated from the forced convention of 1884. King Norodom was probably the instigator of Yukanthor’s actions in order to regain some of his powers taken away in the 1884 convention. And the French authorities in Cambodia had accused the king of complexities in the Yukanthor affairs. Klobukowski, Thomson’s chef du cabinet, in a manuscript report of more than two hundred pages, attempted to find an explanation for the resistance to the French, concluded that Norodom was “legally the responsible originator of this agitation”. Klobukowski also singled out many French residents and officials of encouraging King Norodom to persuade Yukanthor to take his complaints to Paris. On the Cambodian side, Klobukowski accused the king’s secretary, Col de Monteiro, Norodom’s brother, Nupparat and Prince Duong Chacr, a very politically astute son of Norodom, as being the masterminds. Klobukowski’s accusations have some merits because the imposed 1884 convention had many opponents from the palace, and Prince Duong Chacr was one of them. Klobukowski, unable to provide a full explanation of his account of the event, would cite the undoubted fact of Duong Chacr’s association with the Yukantor affairs and other uprisings, such as the ones organised by his uncle, Prince Si Votha. The suspicion over Prince Duong Chacr’s involvement stemmed from the fact that he was a stakeholder to the Cambodian throne. While the French counted on Sisowath’s loyal cooperation once he was on the throne, his succession was not readily accepted either by Norodom or by his sons. In 1888 the French Resident General in Phnom Penh reported that he believed that Norodom had still not clarified his own mind on the succession. If he showed any favour to any one son, it appeared to be toward Prince Duong Chacr(5), who had been very active against the French in the uprising of 1885-1886. Two years later, a new French representative in Cambodia, Verneville, regarded Duong Chacr as a “dark cloud on the horizon”. Duong Chacr’s talents and intelligence were the source of Verneville’s concerns. The prince’s mother, Khun Sancheat Bopha, had earlier been a member of King Ang Duong’s female household and was, again according to Verneville, a supporter of Siamese interests in the Cambodian court with considerable influence over Norodom. Apparently in response to Verneville’s urgings, Norodom abandoned his support of Duong Chacr and placed the prince in chains. According to Verneville’s report made in April 1890, he cited that Duong Chacr was placed in chains because he had offended his father, King Norodom. However, in a dossier which contained a letter from Prince Duong Chacr to the Minister of the Colonies, written in Phnom Penh on 7th May 1891, the prince charged that the king acted on one occasion after Verneville had urged that he, Duong Chacr, should be chained.Alienated from his father, Prince Duong Chacr fled to Bangkok, from where he addressed a letter of complaint to Le Myre de Vilers, the former governor of Cochinchina. Next he travelled to France to further press his case, alleging mistreatment by both his father and by Resident Superior de Verneville. At the same time he argued that a financial subvention, promised to him by the French government, had not been paid. Within a few months of his arrival in Paris, in June 1893, Duong Chacr was an embarrassment to the French government. His father was persuaded to authorise the prince’s exile, and in August 1893, Duong Chacr was arrested after a violent scene in the Left Bank area of Paris. He was interned in Algeria, remaining there until his death in 1897, despite his pleas for exile in a climate similar to that of Cambodia. The vigour with which the French countered Duong Chacr’s possible threat to an orderly succession clearly indicates their anxiety to replace the intriguing old monarch, Norodom, with a willing puppet. Today, Duong Chacr’s name is largely forgotten, but the Yukanthor affairs featured prominently in the Cambodian history and Yukanthor‘s name was anointed with a high school named after him.

Yukantor’s Family Tree (6)

HM King NORODOMBORN : FEB 1834, Angkor Borey,CambodiaDIED : 24 APR 1904CREMATED : JAN 1906

FATHER : HM King ANG DUONG [1796 - 19 OCT 1860] MOTHER : Pen [1813 - 27 JUN 1895] PARTNER 1 : Khun Cham Yem Bossaba Yem 1..Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM KETSARA [1869 - Aft 1909] 2.Samdech Krom Preah NORODOM SUTHAROT [1872 - 1945] PARTNER 2 : Untraced 1.Preah Ang Mechas Kampoucha Soda Duong [1851 - Aft 1909] 2.Preah Ang Mechas Puong Kampuchea Ratana [1856 - Aft 1909] 3.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM HASSAKAN [1858 - 1888] 4.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Phuong Mali [1858 - Aft 1909] 5.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Kossama [1858 - ] 6.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM PAK [1859 - ] 7.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Pouk [1859 - Bef 1909] 8.Preah Ang Mechas Samdach Chauhvea Chandara Kampor [1859 - Aft 1909] 9.Preah Ang Mechas ARUNA YUKANTHOR [1860 - 1934] 10.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM PHANTAVONGS [1860 - Aft 1909] 11.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM DUONGCHAK [1861 - 25 MAR 1897] 12.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Loangnuon [1861 - ] 13.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM MAYURA [1862 - 1918] 14.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Key [1863 - Bef 1909] 15.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Vanna [1865 - Bef 1909] 16.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Yay Kantha [1866 - ] 17.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM MAKHAVAN [1867 - 1914] 18.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM MAYURET [1869 - Bef 1909] 19.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Somavadey [1869 - ] 20.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Yepantha [1872 - 1957] PARTNER 3 : Untraced 1.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM HEMARA [1863 - Bef 1909] 2.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Archhon [1863 - ] 3.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Tralou [1865 - Bef 1909] 4.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Sodaadey [1866 - ] 5.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM SOKONABAT [1867 - Bef 1909] 6.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Somaly [1867 - ] 7.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM ORAY [1868 - Bef 1909] 8.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM CHAMRONRITH [1869 - JAN 1910] 9.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Kanhcha-neari [1869 - ] 10.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM PATHAMA [1870 - Bef 1909] 11.HRH Samdech Krom Preah NORODOM PHANOUVONG [1871 - 1934] 12.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM RATTANET [1871 - ] 13.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Pratum Meth [1871 - ] 14Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM DUONG SAMON [1871 - Bef 1909] 15.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM SALVAN [1872 - ] 16.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Chhavivann [1872 - ] 17.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM RAYA [1866 - ] 18.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM SREY SOMA [1873 - ] 19.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Phangangam [1874 - 1944] 20.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM MATTARI [1874 - ] PARTNER 4 : Untraced 1.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Mari [1870 - ] 2.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Prathaman [1870 - ] 3.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Krachang [1871 - ] 4.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM KETADA [1872 - Bef 1909] 5.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Malika [1872 - 1951] 6.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Oma [1872 - ] 7.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM KRAYSONG-SARIVONGS [1873 - Bef 1909] 8.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Vichhieu Rattana [1873 - Bef 1909] 9.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Nim Nong Lak [1874 - ] 10.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM SOTHAVONGS [1875 - ] 11.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM SATHAVONG [1875 - 1918] 12.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM SATHARIYAVONGS [1876 - ] 13.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Sophana [1879 - ] 14.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Somaman [1886 - ] 15.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM CHANTHALEKHA [1891 - 28 MAY 1971] 17.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Thap Suong Sarikann [1893 - Bef 1909] 18.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Chhloem Khvann [1893 - Bef 1909] 19.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Chhoet Chhing [1894 - ] PARTNER 5 : Preah Ang Mechas Ang Duong Oubon [1849 - Bef 1909] 1.Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Karanika-Kev [1864 - ] 2.Preah Ang Mechas NORODOM PIE [ - Bef 1909] PARTNER 6 : Preah Ang Mechas Ang Duong Daracar [1843 - 1868]

NOTES: Norodom: King of Cambodia 1859-1904 Crowned 3rd June 1864 at Oudong Father of 27 sons and 33 daughters. In 1923 he had 119 living descendents, 53 males and 66 females.

Preah Ang Mechas ARUNA YUKANTHORBORN : 1860, Phnom Penh,CambodiaDIED : 1934, Thailand

FATHER : HM King NORODOM [FEB 1834 - 24 APR 1904] PARTNER : Preah Ang Mechas Norodom Malika [1872 - 1951] Preah Ang Mechas Pengpas Yukanthor [28 JUL 1892 - 29 OCT 1969] Preah Ang Mechas Robangpas Yukanthor [1893 - ] Preah Ang Mechas Pingpeang Yukanthor [26 DEC 1894 - 26 DEC 1966] Preah Ang Mechas HEANH WACHHIRAVONGS [1896 - Aft 1969]

References

*(1) Milton E. Osborne, The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia. All sources are from Osborne’s book, unless otherwise stated.
*(2) http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Cambodia/camboa9.htm
*(3)http://khmerkrom.org/eng/?q=node/38
*(4)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Cambodia
*(5) http://www.san.beck.org/14-8-Siam1800-1941.html
*(6) http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~royalty/cambodia/i151.html#I151