Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia

Baeda Maryam (Ge'ez በእደ ማርያም "ba'ida māryām" "He who is in the Hand of Mary," modern "be'ide māryām") (1448 - November 8 1478) was "IPA|nəgusä nägäst" (August 26 1468 - November 8, 1478) of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. Born at Dabra Berhan, he was the son of Zara Yaqob by Seyon Morgasa. [His Chronicle is translated in part by Richard K. P. Pankhurst, "The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles" (Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967).]

Towards the end of Zara Yaqob's life, he became increasingly convinced that members of his family were plotting against him, and had several of them beaten. Baeda Maryam's mother Seyon Morgasa died from this mistreatment in 1462, and Baeda Maryam buried his mother in secret in the church of Maqdesa Maryam, near Dabra Berhan, and donated incense and other gifts to support the church. Zara Yaqob then directed his anger at Baeda Maryam, until members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church repaired the rift between the two, and Zara Yaqob publicly designated Baeda Maryam as his successor.

With his own mother dead, Baeda Maryam gave Eleni, a wife of his father, the title of Queen Mother. She proved to be an effective member of the royal family, and Paul B. Henze comments that she "was practically co-monarch" during his reign. [Paul B. Henze, "Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia" (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p.75. ] However, Edward Ullendorff notes Baeda Maryam was unable to hold together the far-flung empire his father left him: "some of the outlying provinces recently conquered began to grow restive; the feudal lords whom Zar'a Ya'qob had only ephemerally brought under central control reasserted their regional authority; and the senior clergy relapsed into some of the old-established ways of conduct and ecclesiastical organization." [Edward Ullendorff, "The Ethiopians: An Introduction to the Country and People", second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 70.]

Campaigns against the Dobe'a

Emperor Baeda Maryam conducted a campaign against the Dobe'a early in his reign, but they had evacuated their cattle, camels, and his campaign was unable to track down any Dobe'a. He subsequently rode into the area himself, but the Dobe'a recognized him from a distance and were able to flee, their possessions already having been evacuated. At this point, the "Dankalé," the ruler of the Danakil (better known as the Afar), offered to intervene and help in the Emperor's campaign. He sent the Emperor a horse, a mule laden with dates, a shield, and two spears to show his support, along with a message saying, "I have set up my camp, O my master, with the intention of stopping these people. If they are your enemies, I will not let them pass, and will seize them." [Pankhurst, Richard. "The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century" (Asmara, Eritrea: Red Sea Press, 1997), pp.106-7, 110.] Ba'eda Maryam sent his men against the Dobe'a again, but his campaign was defeated and suffered heavy casualties. Ba'eda Maryam was by this point infuriated, criticizing his soldiers for attacking without orders and stating his determination to remain in the Dobe'a country until he had subdued the country to the point where he could sow grain there and his horses could eats its crop. He then dispatched Jan Zeg, the Garad (governor) of Bali, in a campaign in the region of Gam, where the Garad was killed. Cholera (or some other pestilence) broke out among his men, depressing him further, resulting in his withdrawal to Tigray. There he called upon one of his best fighting regiments, Jan Amora ("Royal Eagle," after which the sub-province and woreda were named), who were eager to participate in the campaign. The twelve Dobe'a leaders learned of the new attack being prepared, and began to flee in various directions into the lowlands of Adal with their women, children, and cattle, with their property loaded on their camels and other beasts of burden. The Emperor heard of their plans, however, and mounted another campaign against Dobe'as, sending the governors of Tigray, Qeda and Damot to pursue them. This new campaign was successful, resulting in the capture of many cattle and the deaths of many Dobe'a, both in the main attack and the following pursuit. [Pankhurst, "The Ethiopian Borderlands, p.110.]

After this defeat, many of the Dobe'as converted to Christianity and begged the Emperor for his pardon. The Emperor in turn returned their cattle, supplementing it with others from the southern provinces of Wej and Genz and stationed soldiers in their country. He further built a church in Dobe'a country dedicated to the Virgin Mary and planted orange trees, lemon trees, and vines in the area, in fulfillment of his earlier declaration. Ba'eda Maryam soon returned to the Dobe'a country and appointed governors and "regulated the social condition of the people," as well as encouraging the celebration of the death of the Virgin Mary every January, upon which occasion he distributed bread, tela (beer), and tej (a type of honey wine/mead) to the people. He further ordered that the Dobe'as become cultivators, as opposed to bandits and left the country for the last time. [Pankhurst, "The Ethiopian Borderlands, p.111.]

Other campaigns

Baeda Maryam moved his court to the Gurage country, using it as a base for campaigns in
Dawaro and Bale. His constant campaigning led to a peace treaty with Sultan Muhammad of Adal, the son of Badlay ibn Sa'ad ad-Din, and used the peace it brought to his southern borders to successfully campaign against the restive Falasha in his northern territories. But on Muhammad's death, war with Adal flared up once again.

Baeda Maryam died at Abasi Wera Gabayi, but he was buried in a tomb at Atronsa Maryam, on the left bank of the Abay River, which was notable for its painting of Mary and Christ by the artist Brancaleon, a Venetian who had come to live in Ethiopia. His tomb was later destroyed in an Oromo raid in 1709, when they sacked the church, enslaved or killed all of the people present, and hurled the coffin of Baeda Maryam over the nearby cliffs. [E. A. Wallis Budge, "A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia", 1928 (Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthopological Publications, 1970), pp. 313f.]

References

* Jan Amora is actually located in Gonder province.