James H. Howard

Infobox Military Person
name= James H. Howard
born= birth date|1913|04|13
died= death date and age|1995|03|18|1913|04|13
placeofbirth= Canton (now Guangzhou), China
placeofdeath= Bay Pines, Florida
placeofburial= Arlington National Cemetery


caption= Col. James H. Howard in 1945
nickname=
allegiance= United States of America
branch = United States Army Air Force American Volunteer Group United States Navy
serviceyears= 1942–1948 (Air Force) 1941–1942 (AVG), 1938–1941 (Navy)
rank= Brigadier General (USA), Major (TNG)
commands=
unit=
battles= World War II
awards=
laterwork=

James Howell Howard (13 April 1913 – 18 March 1995) was a general in the United States Air Force and the only fighter pilot in the European Theater of Operations in World War Two to be awarded the Medal of Honor — the United States military's highest decoration.cite news|author=Wolfgang Saxon|title=Gen. James Howard, 81, Dies; Medal Winner in Aerial Combat|date=1995-03-22|publisher="The New York Times"|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE3DD1630F931A15750C0A963958260&scp |accessdate=2008-05-27 ] CBS commentator Andy Rooney, then a wartime reporter for "Stars and Stripes", called Howard's exploits "the greatest fighter pilot story of World War II".cite news|author=Christina K. Cosdon|title=New exhibit at airport honors hero|date=1996-11-03|publisher="The St. Petersburg Times"|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/22769563.html?dids=22769563:22769563&FMT=FT&FMTS |accessdate=2008-05-27 ] In later life, Howard was a successful businessman, author, and airport director.

Early life

Born on 13 April 1913, in Canton (now Guangzhou), China, where his American parents lived at the time while his ophthalmologist father was teaching eye surgery there, Howard returned with his family to St. Louis, Missouri in 1927. After graduating from John Burroughs School in St. Louis, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Pomona College in Claremont, California in 1937, intending to follow his father's footsteps into medicine. Shortly before graduation, however, Howard decided that the life of a Naval aviator was more appealing than six years of medical school and internship, and he entered the United States Navy as a naval aviation cadet. He began his flight training in January 1938 at Naval Air Station Pensacola, earning his wings the following January 1939.

Military service

Howard initially was a U.S. Navy pilot aboard the aircraft carrier "Enterprise", based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, beginning in 1939. In June 1941, he left the Navy to become a P-40 fighter pilot with the American Volunteer Group the famous Flying Tigers in Burma.cite book|author=James H. Howard|title=Roar of the Tiger|year=1991|publisher=Orion Books|location=New York|isbn=0-517-57323-7 ] He flew 56 missions and was credited with shooting down six Japanese airplanes. Following the disbandment of the Flying Tigers on 4 July 1942, Howard returned to the U.S. and was commissioned a captain in the Army Air Force. In 1943, he was promoted to the rank of major and given command of a P-51 Mustang fighter squadron in the 354th Fighter Group, based in the United Kingdom.

On 11 January 1944, Howard single-handedly flew his P-51 into some thirty Luftwaffe fighters that were attacking a formation of American B-17 Flying Fortress bombers over Oschersleben, Germany.cite news|author=Frederick Graham|title=One-Man Air Force Belittles His Feat|date=19 January 1944|publisher="The New York Times"|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20A14FF3F5A157B93CBA8178AD85F408485F9&scp |accessdate=2008-05-27 ] For more than a half-hour, Howard defended the heavy bombers of the 401st Bomb Group against the swarm of Luftwaffe fighters, repeatedly attacking the enemy airplanes and shooting down as many as six. The leader of the bomber formation later reported that, "For sheer determination and guts, it was the greatest exhibition I've ever seen. It was a case of one lone American against what seemed to be the entire Luftwaffe. He was all over the wing, across and around it. They can't give that boy a big enough award." The following week, the Air Force held a press conference in London at which Major Howard described the attack to reporters, including the BBC, the Associated Press, CBS reporter Walter Cronkite, and Andy Rooney, then a reporter for "Stars and Stripes". The story was a media sensation, prompting articles such as "Mustang Whip" in the "Saturday Evening Post", "Fighting at 425 Miles Per Hour" in "Popular Science", and "One Man Air Force" in "True" magazine. "The New York Times" reported on 19 January 1944, that after Howard's P-51 ran out of ammunition, he continued to dive on enemy airplanes. "An attack by a single fighter on four or five times his own number wasn't uncommon," wrote a fellow World War II fighter pilot in his postwar memoirs of Howard's performance, "but a deliberate attack by a single fighter against thirty plus enemy fighters without tactical advantage of height or surprise is rare almost to the point of extinction." [cite book|author=Richard E. Turner|title=Big friend, little friend|year=1983|publisher=Champlin Fighter Museum Press|location=Mesa, Ariz.|isbn=0912173009 ] The following month, Howard was promoted to Lt. Colonel and in June 1944, he was presented the Medal of Honor by Gen. Carl Spatz for his January 11 valor.

In early 1945, Howard was promoted to full Colonel and assigned as base commander of Pinellas Army Airfield (now St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport) in Florida. In 1948, he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General, commanding the reserve 96th Bomb Wing.

Medal of Honor citation

The citation accompanying the Medal of Honor (often called the "Congressional Medal of Honor") awarded to Lt. Col. James H. Howard on 5 June 1944, by Gen. Carl Spatz reads:

"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy near Oschersleben, Germany, on 11 January 1944. On that day Col. Howard was the leader of a group of P51 aircraft providing support for a heavy bomber formation on a long-range mission deep in enemy territory. As Col. Howard's group met the bombers in the target area the bomber force was attacked by numerous enemy fighters. Col. Howard, with his group, at once engaged the enemy and himself destroyed a German ME. 110. As a result of this attack Col. Howard lost contact with his group, and at once returned to the level of the bomber formation. He then saw that the bombers were being heavily attacked by enemy airplanes and that no other friendly fighters were at hand. While Col. Howard could have waited to attempt to assemble his group before engaging the enemy, he chose instead to attack single-handed a formation of more than 30 German airplanes. With utter disregard for his own safety he immediately pressed home determined attacks for some 30 minutes, during which time he destroyed 3 enemy airplanes and probably destroyed and damaged others. Toward the end of this engagement 3 of his guns went out of action and his fuel supply was becoming dangerously low. Despite these handicaps and the almost insuperable odds against him, Col. Howard continued his aggressive action in an attempt to protect the bombers from the numerous fighters. His skill, courage, and intrepidity on this occasion set an example of heroism which will be an inspiration to the U.S. Armed Forces". [cite web |title = Medal of Honor Recipients - World War II |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |date=2007-07-16 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-g-l.html |accessdate=2008-05-27]

Later years

As a civilian after the war, Howard was Director of Aeronautics for St. Louis, Missouri, managing Lambert Field. He later founded Howard Research, a systems engineering business, which he eventually sold to Control Data Corporation. He married Mary Balles in 1948 in a military wedding ceremony. In later years, they were divorced and Howard then married Florence Buteau. In the 1970s, Howard retired to Belleair Bluffs in Pinellas County, Florida. In 1991, he wrote an autobiography, "Roar of the Tiger", chiefly devoted to his wartime experiences. On 11 January 1994, the 50th anniversary of the Oschlersleben attack, the Board of County Commissioners in Pinellas County proclaimed "General Howard Day" and presented him with a plaque. [cite news|author=Roger Clendening II|title=WWII pilot will be honored today|date=1994-01-11|publisher="The St. Petersburg Times"|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/sptimes/access/51808365.html?dids=51808365:51808365&FMT=FT&FMTS|accessdate=2008-05-27 ] A permanent exhibit honoring General Howard was also unveiled in the terminal building of the county's St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport. [cite web|title=Airport Guide – History|publisher=St. Petersburg-Clearwater International Airport|year=1997|url=http://www.fly2pie.com/about/history.asp |accessdate=2008-05-27] Another exhibit paying tribute to Howard was subsequently dedicated at his alma mater, the John Burroughs School in St. Louis.

On 27 January 1995, Howard made his last public appearance when he was guest of honor at the annual banquet of the West Central Florida Council of the Boy Scouts of America, in Clearwater, Florida, He died six weeks later at the nearby Bay Pines Veterans Hospital and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, survived by two sisters.

ee also

*List of Medal of Honor recipients
*List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

*Freeman, Roger A., Airfields of the ninth, then and now, After the Battle

External links

*findagrave|7836881 Retrieved on 2008-07-02

Persondata
NAME= Howard, James H.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION=American fighter pilot in World War II
DATE OF BIRTH= 13 April 1913
PLACE OF BIRTH= Canton (now Guangzhou), China
DATE OF DEATH= 18 March 1995
PLACE OF DEATH= Bay Pines, Florida