William Christian Bullitt, Jr.

Infobox Ambassador
name=William Christian Bullitt, Jr.


image_width=
order=
ambassador_from=United States
country=the Soviet Union
term_start=21 November 1933
term_end=16 May 1936
predecessor=David R. Francis "As Ambassador to Russia"
successor=Joseph E. Davies
president=Franklin D. Roosevelt
ambassador_from2=United States
country2=France
term_start2=1936
term_end2=1940
predecessor2=Jesse I. Strauss
successor2=William D. Leahy
president2=Franklin D. Roosevelt
birth_date= January 25, 1891
birth_place= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
death_date= death date and age|1967|02|15|1891|01|25
death_place= Neuilly, France
party=Democratic
spouse=
profession=
religion=
footnotes=

William Christian Bullitt, Jr. (January 25, 1891, Philadelphia — February 15, 1967, Neuilly-sur-Seine) was an American diplomat, journalist, and novelist. Although in his youth he was considered something of a radical, he later became an outspoken anticommunist.

Early years

Bullitt was born to a well-to-do old Philadelphia family. His father was William Christian Bullitt, Sr., and his grandfather was John Christian Bullitt, founder of the law firm today known as Drinker Biddle & Reath. [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847223,00.html Second Blooming] Time Magazine, Monday, 1 May, 1933] He was graduated from Yale University in 1913, after having been voted "most brilliant" in his class. He briefly attended Harvard Law School, but dropped out on the death of his father in 1914.

Bullitt went to Europe to became a foreign correspondent and novelist.

Early diplomatic career

Working for Woodrow Wilson at the Paris Peace Conference Bullitt was a strong supporter of legalistic internationalism, subsequently known as Wilsonianism. Prior to the negotiation of the Versailles accords, Bullitt engaged, along with journalist Lincoln Steffens, in a special mission to Soviet Russia together with the Swedish Communist Karl Kilbom, to negotiate diplomatic relations between the Bolshevik regime and the Supreme Council. Having failed to convince Wilson to support establishment of relations with the Bolsheviks, Bullitt resigned from Wilson's staff.

He later returned to the United States and testified in the United State Senate against the Treaty of Versailles, having his report from his Russian trip placed into the record.

He married socialite Aimee Ernesta Drinker in 1916. She gave birth to a son in 1917, but the baby died after two days. They divorced in 1923. In 1924 he married Louise Bryant, widow of radical journalist John Reed. The Bullitts had a daughter, Anne. They divorced in 1930.

First U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union

Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him as the first U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union, a post that he filled from 1933 to 1936. At the time of his appointment, Bullitt was known as a liberal, and thought by some to be something of a radical. The Soviets welcomed him as an old friend because of his diplomatic efforts at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. But although Bullitt arrived in the Soviet Union with high hopes for Soviet-American relations, his view of the Soviet leadership soured on closer inspection. By the end of his tenure he was openly hostile to the Soviet government. He remained an outspoken anticommunist for the rest of his life. [Will Brownell and Richard N. Billings (1987) "So Close to Greatness", New York: Macmillan.]

Ambassador to France

Bullitt was re-posted to France in October 1936 as Ambassador. Fluent in French and an ardent Francophile, Bullit became very established in Paris society, renting a château at Chantilly and owning at least 18, 000 bottles of French wine [Adamthwaite, Anthony "France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939", London: Frank Cass, 1977 page 176.] . As a close friend of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, with whom he had almost always had a daily telephone conversation, Bullit was widely regarded as Roosevelt's personal envoy to France, and as such was a man much courted by French politicians [Adamthwaite, Anthony "France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939", London: Frank Cass, 1977 page 176.] . Bullit was especially close to Léon Blum and Édouard Daladier, and had cordial, through not friendly relations with Georges Bonnet [Adamthwaite, Anthony "France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939", London: Frank Cass, 1977 pages 176-177.] . Historians have criticized Bullitt for being too influenced by the last person he spoke to and for including too much gossip in his dispatches to Washington [Adamthwaite, Anthony "France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939", London: Frank Cass, 1977 page 177.] .

On September 4, 1938 in the midst of the great crisis in Europe that was to culminate in the Munich Agreement, during the unveiling of a plaque in France honoring Franco-American friendship, Bullitt stated that "France and the United States were united in war and peace", leading to much speculation in the press that if war did break over Czechoslovakia, then the United States would join the war on the Allied side [Adamthwaite, Anthony "France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939", London: Frank Cass, 1977 page 209.] . On September 9, 1938, Roosevelt denied that the U.S. would fight on the Allied side in the event of a war breaking out over Czechoslovakia.

In 1939 Prime Minister Édouard Daladier informed him French intelligence knew Alger and Donald Hiss in the United States Department of State were both working for Soviet intelligence.

Post-diplomatic career

After the German invasion of France in 1940 he returned to America and unsuccessfully ran for the position of Mayor of Philadelphia as a Democrat in 1944. After his political defeat, Bullitt joined the Free French Forces to oppose Nazi and Vichy government control over France and her colonial holdings. This period was likely the most productive from a literary standpoint.

Between 1941 and 1945 Bullitt wrote volumes of stories and social commentary on the dangers of both fascism and communism.

Bullitt and Freud

Bullitt had been psychoanalyzed by Sigmund Freud in Vienna in the 1920s. The patient and the analyst became such good friends that they decided to write a book together, a psychobiographical study of Woodrow Wilson. This was quite exceptional, as Freud very rarely cooperated with other authors. The book, first published in Europe in the 1930s did not appear until 1967 in the U.S. When it did, many psychoanalysts doubted that Freud had had much to do with it. Recent research indicates, however, that Freud was an active co-writer. The book nevertheless received an almost unanimously hostile reception, renowned historian A.J.P. Taylor calling it a "disgrace," and concluding with the question: "How did anyone ever manage to take Freud seriously?"

Freud's view of Wilson was that of a naive American politician whose foreign policy ideas were driven by religious fanaticism. Bullitt had been dismissed by Wilson late in the battle for the League of Nations, and Bullitt never forgave the slight. It is not clear how much of the book was really written by Bullitt, as he was skilled in several languages, while Freud wrote only in German and had died by the time it was published. Several references attributed to Freud are uniquely American, such as his introduction in which he compared Wilson's naiveté to Christian Science.

Books by William C. Bullitt

* "The Bullitt Mission to Russia", New York: Huebsch (1919).
* "It's Not Done", New York: Harcourt Brace (1926).
* "The Great Globe Itself", New York: Scribner's (1946).
* (with Sigmund Freud) "Thomas Woodrow Wilson - A Psychological Study", Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1967).

Endnotes

References

*Adamthwaite, Anthony "France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936-1939", London: Frank Cass, 1977, ISBN 0 7146 3035 7.

External links

* [http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/archives_roll/2003_01-03/sempa_bullitt/sempa_bullitt_p2.html William C. Bullitt: Diplomat and Prophet] – Documents Bullitt's opposition to the Nazis throughout the 1930s and the period leading up to the war.
*gutenberg author | id=William_Bullitt | name=William Bullitt
*Findagrave|id=6788602