Madrean pine-oak woodlands

The Madrean pine-oak woodlands are subtropical woodlands found in the mountains of Mexico and the southwestern United States.

The Madrean pine-oak woodlands are found at higher elevations in Mexico's major mountain ranges, the Sierra Madre Occidental, the Sierra Madre Oriental, the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt, the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, and the Peninsular Ranges of the Baja California Peninsula. Enclaves of pine-oak woodland are also found on mountaintops in southern Arizona and New Mexico and in western Texas, where they are known as the Madrean sky islands. Conservation International estimates the woodlands' original area at 461,265 km². The woodlands are surrounded at lower elevations by other ecoregions, mostly tropical and subtropical deserts and xeric shrublands, forests, and grasslands.

The pine-oak woodlands are made up of stands of oak "(Quercus)", pine "(Pinus)", douglas-fir "(Pseudotsuga)" and fir "(Abies)". The trees generally occur in mixed stands, though monospecific stands are sometimes found. The pine-oak woodlands are home to one-quarter of Mexico's plant species, and Mexico is home to 44 of the 110 species of pine and over 135 species of oak, over 30 percent of the world’s oak species. Plant species derived from Madrean ancestors, known as the Madro-Tertiary flora, are an important element of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion.

The World Wildlife Fund recognizes several distinct pine-oak woodlands ecoregions, based on geographic distribution and species mix.
* Sierra Juarez and San Pedro Martir pine-oak forests of the Sierra Juárez and Sierra San Pedro Mártir ranges of the northern Baja California peninsula.
* Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests of the Sierra de la Laguna in the southern Baja California peninsula.
* Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests extend along the Sierra Madre Occidental range from the Rio Grande de Santiago in Mexico's Jalisco state through Nayarit, Sinaloa, Durango, Sonora, and Chihuahua, and include the Madrean Sky Islands of Arizona and New Mexico.
* Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests extend along the Sierra Madre Oriental ranges of Texas and Mexico, from mountaintop enclaves in west Texas through Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Queretaro and Guanajuato.
* Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests
* Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests
* Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests

External links

* [http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/pine_oak/ Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands (Conservation International)]
* [http://worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0526_full.html Sierra Juarez and San Pedro Martir pine-oak forests (World Wildlife Fund)]
* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0307_full.html Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests (World Wildlife Fund)]
* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0302_full.html Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak woodlands (World Wildlife Fund)]
* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/na/na0303_full.html Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests (World Wildlife Fund)]
* [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50302frame.htm Sierra Madre Occidental Pine-Oak Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu] ( [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50302.htm slow modem version] )
* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0310_full.html Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests (World Wildlife Fund)]
* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0309_full.html Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests (World Wildlife Fund)]
* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/nt/nt0308_full.html Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests (World Wildlife Fund)]