- Wurtz reaction
The Wurtz reaction, named after
Charles-Adolphe Wurtz , is acoupling reaction inorganic chemistry ,organometallic chemistry and recently inorganic main grouppolymer s, whereby twoalkyl halides are reacted withsodium to form a new carbon-carbon bond::2R-X + 2Na → R-R + 2Na+X−
The related reaction dealing with aryl halides is called the
Wurtz-Fittig reaction .Mechanism
This reaction involves the radical species R•.
One electron from sodium is transferred to the halogen to produce a sodium halide and an alkyl radical.:R-X + Na → R• + Na+X−
The alkyl radical then accepts an electron from another sodium atom to form an alkyl anion and the sodium becomes cationic.:R• + Na → R−Na+
The alkyl anion then displaces the halide in an SN2 reaction, forming a new carbon-carbon covalent bond.:R−Na+ + R-X → R-R + Na+X−
Example
Here methyl iodide and ethyl chloride are reacted with powdered sodium metal in anhydrous ether.
Alkane s containing double the number of carbon atoms are formed, i.e. methyl iodide gives ethane, and ethyl chloride gives "n"-butane.The solvent, ether in this case, must be anhydrous (free of moisture) because the alkyl anions are so basic (the
pKa of the alkyl proton is 48–50) that they readily deprotonate water to hydroxide ion, forming alcohols, and reducing the yield of the desired product.Limitations
The Wurtz reaction is limited to the synthesis of symmetric alkanes. If two dissimilar alkyl halides are taken as reactants, then the product is a mixture of alkanes that is, often, difficult to separate. Since the reaction involves free radical species, a side reaction also occurs to produce an alkene. This side-reaction becomes more significant when the alkyl halides are bulky at the halogen-attached carbon. This is because the activation energy required for the SN2 reaction in the second step becomes significantly high, so the alternate elimination mechanism is favored.
The
Corey-House-Posner-Whitesides reaction is an alternative route to alkane synthesis that overcomes some of the limitations of the Wurtz reaction.References
*cite journal
title = Sur une nouvelle classe de radicaux organiques
author = Adolphe Wurtz
journal = Annales de chimie et de physique
volume = 44
issue =
pages = 275–312
year = 1855
url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34785p/f274.table
doi =
*cite journal
title = Ueber eine neue Klasse organischer Radicale
author = Adolphe Wurtz
journal =Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie
volume = 96
issue = 3
pages = 364–375
year = 1855
url =
doi = 10.1002/jlac.18550960310
* [http://organic-chemistry.org Organic-chemistry.org]
*"Organic Chemistry", by Morrison and Boyd
*"Organic Chemistry", by Graham Solomons and Criag Fryhle, Wiley Publications
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