Recluse literature

Recluse Literature refers to a Japanese literary movement that rose to its peak in the late Heian Period and Kamakura Period of Japan. It was started by men who, choosing the isolated life of a recluse over that of the busy urban dweller, acquired the freedom to explore and subsequently express their reflections without the restrictions of normal life.

History

The origins of the literary style known as Recluse Literature has roots in the Taoist movement in China, said to date back to the 3rd or 4th century BCE. Like the recluses of Japan, Taoist philosophers such as Zhuangzi and Laozi advocated a casting off of the bonds of society and government, and instead living a life free of obligations and the pressures of urban life. The first Japanese recluse is considered to be Saigyō Hōshi, who worked as a guard to retired Emperor Toba until the age of 22, at which time for reasons unknown the took the vows of a monk and proceeded to live alone for long periods of time. Following the relocation of the capital from Heian (present day Kyoto) to Kamakura, located 50 km south-south-west of Tokyo, many court aristocrats, due mainly to the influence of Jōdo shū or Pure Land Buddhism, became disillusioned with the standards and practices of government and every day life, and instead chose to live on the outskirts of civilization in isolation. The practice of taking the tonsure (becoming a monk) after life in the Imperial court was not entirely new to Japan, but the concept of doing so and completely retreating from secular life into nature, as opposed to the many Buddhist monasteries around the capitol, was considered a novel alternative to these newly disillusioned intellectuals. From this isolation, it was common practice for the recluse to focus his efforts on self-reflection, expressed through the arts such as poetry or the writing of zuihitsu-styled essays.

tyle

Recluse literature mainly focuses on the self-reflections of the author, on subjects such as the degeneration of society, the beauty of nature, the transience of life, and other such abstract concepts. It draw influence mainly from the Chinese Taoists, Buddhism, Shinto and often makes reference to earlier Japanese works. Due to the isolation in which these authors lived, the style and structures of their writings varied greatly from person to person, often reflecting their individual upbringings.

Extent of Isolation

While it was ultimately the goal of these disillusioned intellectuals to free themselves from the constraints of society, it was common for many to maintain ties with their closer friends who remained in the city and to occasionally spend time with others. Yoshida Kenkō, a famous Japanese recluse and author of Essays in Idleness was known to maintain very close ties with members of the Ashikaga shogunate, suspending his isolation from time to time in order to visit such members in the capital. Kamo no Chomei, in his essay An Account of My Hut, mentions spending time with a young child while living in isolation. While it was not necessarily the intent of these recluses to live their life entirely without human contact, it is important to note that the isolation of said individuals was not, in fact, complete.

Notable Recluses

*Saigyō Hōshi (1118-1190)
*Kamo no Chōmei (1155-1216)
*Yoshida Kenkō (1283-1350)

ources

*1. CiNii, http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110005051299/en/
*2. About Saigyō Hōshi, 2001 Waga, http://www.temcauley.staff.shef.ac.uk/saigyo.shtml
*3. About Kamo no Chōmei, http://www.humanistictexts.org/kamo.htm