NOG (gene)

Noggin, also known as NOG, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: NOG noggin| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9241| accessdate = ]

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summary_text = The secreted polypeptide noggin, encoded by the NOG gene, binds and inactivates members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily signaling proteins, such as bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4). By diffusing through extracellular matrices more efficiently than members of the TGF-beta superfamily, noggin may have a principal role in creating morphogenic gradients. Noggin appears to have pleiotropic effect, both early in development as well as in later stages. It was originally isolated from Xenopus based on its ability to restore normal dorsal-ventral body axis in embryos that had been artificially ventralized by UV treatment. The results of the mouse knockout of noggin suggest that it is involved in numerous developmental processes, such as neural tube fusion and joint formation. Recently, several dominant human NOG mutations in unrelated families with proximal symphalangism (SYM1) and multiple synostoses syndrome (SYNS1) were identified; both SYM1 and SYNS1 have multiple joint fusion as their principal feature, and map to the same region (17q22) as NOG. All NOG mutations altered evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of human noggin is highly homologous to that of Xenopus, rat and mouse.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: NOG noggin| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=9241| accessdate = ]

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Polymeropoulos MH, Poush J, Rubenstein JR, Francomano CA |title=Localization of the gene (SYM1) for proximal symphalangism to human chromosome 17q21-q22. |journal=Genomics |volume=27 |issue= 2 |pages= 225–9 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7557985 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1995.1035
*cite journal | author=Valenzuela DM, Economides AN, Rojas E, "et al." |title=Identification of mammalian noggin and its expression in the adult nervous system. |journal=J. Neurosci. |volume=15 |issue= 9 |pages= 6077–84 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7666191 |doi=
*cite journal | author=McMahon JA, Takada S, Zimmerman LB, "et al." |title=Noggin-mediated antagonism of BMP signaling is required for growth and patterning of the neural tube and somite. |journal=Genes Dev. |volume=12 |issue= 10 |pages= 1438–52 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9585504 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Brunet LJ, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Harland RM |title=Noggin, cartilage morphogenesis, and joint formation in the mammalian skeleton. |journal=Science |volume=280 |issue= 5368 |pages= 1455–7 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9603738 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Krakow D, Reinker K, Powell B, "et al." |title=Localization of a multiple synostoses-syndrome disease gene to chromosome 17q21-22. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=63 |issue= 1 |pages= 120–4 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9634519 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Smith WC |title=TGF beta inhibitors. New and unexpected requirements in vertebrate development. |journal=Trends Genet. |volume=15 |issue= 1 |pages= 3–5 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10087923 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Gong Y, Krakow D, Marcelino J, "et al." |title=Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding noggin affect human joint morphogenesis. |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=21 |issue= 3 |pages= 302–4 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10080184 |doi= 10.1038/6821
*cite journal | author=Li W, LoTurco JJ |title=Noggin is a negative regulator of neuronal differentiation in developing neocortex. |journal=Dev. Neurosci. |volume=22 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 68–73 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10657699 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Dixon ME, Armstrong P, Stevens DB, Bamshad M |title=Identical mutations in NOG can cause either tarsal/carpal coalition syndrome or proximal symphalangism. |journal=Genet. Med. |volume=3 |issue= 5 |pages= 349–53 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11545688 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Marcelino J, Sciortino CM, Romero MF, "et al." |title=Human disease-causing NOG missense mutations: effects on noggin secretion, dimer formation, and bone morphogenetic protein binding. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue= 20 |pages= 11353–8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11562478 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.201367598
*cite journal | author=Beck HN, Drahushuk K, Jacoby DB, "et al." |title=Bone morphogenetic protein-5 (BMP-5) promotes dendritic growth in cultured sympathetic neurons. |journal=BMC neuroscience |volume=2 |issue= |pages= 12 |year= 2003 |pmid= 11580864 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Paine-Saunders S, Viviano BL, Economides AN, Saunders S |title=Heparan sulfate proteoglycans retain Noggin at the cell surface: a potential mechanism for shaping bone morphogenetic protein gradients. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 3 |pages= 2089–96 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11706034 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M109151200
*cite journal | author=Takahashi T, Takahashi I, Komatsu M, "et al." |title=Mutations of the NOG gene in individuals with proximal symphalangism and multiple synostosis syndrome. |journal=Clin. Genet. |volume=60 |issue= 6 |pages= 447–51 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11846737 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Mangino M, Flex E, Digilio MC, "et al." |title=Identification of a novel NOG gene mutation (P35S) in an Italian family with symphalangism. |journal=Hum. Mutat. |volume=19 |issue= 3 |pages= 308 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11857750 |doi= 10.1002/humu.9016
*cite journal | author=Brown DJ, Kim TB, Petty EM, "et al." |title=Autosomal dominant stapes ankylosis with broad thumbs and toes, hyperopia, and skeletal anomalies is caused by heterozygous nonsense and frameshift mutations in NOG, the gene encoding noggin. |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=71 |issue= 3 |pages= 618–24 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12089654 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Hall AK, Burke RM, Anand M, Dinsio KJ |title=Activin and bone morphogenetic proteins are present in perinatal sensory neuron target tissues that induce neuropeptides. |journal=J. Neurobiol. |volume=52 |issue= 1 |pages= 52–60 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12115893 |doi= 10.1002/neu.10068
*cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, "et al." |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899
*cite journal | author=Groppe J, Greenwald J, Wiater E, "et al." |title=Structural basis of BMP signalling inhibition by the cystine knot protein Noggin. |journal=Nature |volume=420 |issue= 6916 |pages= 636–42 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12478285 |doi= 10.1038/nature01245
*cite journal | author=Brown DJ, Kim TB, Petty EM, "et al." |title=Characterization of a stapes ankylosis family with a NOG mutation. |journal=Otol. Neurotol. |volume=24 |issue= 2 |pages= 210–5 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12621334 |doi=

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