Lisa del Giocondo

Infobox Person
name = Lisa del Giocondo

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image_size1000
caption = Detail of "Mona Lisa" (1503–06) by Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre
birth_date = June 15, 1479
birth_place = Florence, Italy
death_date = July 15, 1542, c.1551 (aged 63 or 72)
death_place = Florence, Italy
nationality = Italian
spouse = Francesco del Giocondo
children = Piero, Camilla, Andrea, Giocondo and Marietta
known_for = Subject of "Mona Lisa"

Lisa del Giocondo (June 15, 1479 – July 15, 1542, or c. 1551), born and also known as Lisa Gherardini, Lisa di Antonio Maria (Antonmaria) Gherardini, Lisa and Mona Lisa, was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany in Italy. Her name was given to "Mona Lisa", her portrait commissioned by her husband and painted by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance.

Little is known about Lisa's life. Born in Florence and married as a teenager to a cloth and silk merchant who later became a local official, she was mother to six children and led what is thought to have been a comfortable and ordinary middle-class life. Lisa outlived her husband, who was considerably her senior.

Centuries after Lisa's death, "Mona Lisa" became the world's most famous painting [cite news|author=Riding, Alan|title=In Louvre, New Room With View of 'Mona Lisa'|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/06/arts/design/06lisa.html|work=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=April 6, 2005|accessdate=2007-10-07] and took on a life separate from Lisa, the woman. Speculation by scholars and hobbyists made the work of art a globally recognized icon and an object of commercialization. During the early 21st century, Lisa was definitively identified as the model of the "Mona Lisa". There are those who think that the painting's subject is Leonardo's mother Caterina in a distant memory.

Early life and family

At the time of the Quattrocento, Florence was among the largest cities in Europe, considered rich and economically successful. Life was not "idyllic" for all residents though, among whom there were great disparities in wealth. [Pallanti 2006, pp. 17, 23, 24] Lisa's family was old and aristocratic but over time had lost its influence. [Pallanti 2006, p. 58] They were comfortable but not wealthy, and lived on farm income.

Antonmaria di Noldo Gherardini, Lisa's father, lost two wives, Lisa di Giovanni Filippo de Carducci, whom he married in 1465, and Caterina Rucellai, whom he married in 1473. Both died in childbirth.Pallanti 2006, p. 37] Lisa's mother was Lucrezia del Caccia, daughter of Piera Spinelli and Gherardini's wife by his third marriage in 1476. Gherardini at one time owned or rented six farms in Chianti that produced wheat, wine and olive oil and where livestock was raised. [Pallanti 2006, pp. 41-44]

Lisa was born in Florence on June 15, 1479 on Via Maggio, [Pallanti 2006, p.37] although for many years it was thought she was born on one of the family's rural properties, Villa Vignamaggio just outside Greve. [cite news|publisher=Villa Vignamaggio|title=History of Vignamaggio|url=http://www.vignamaggio.it/english/history.html|accessdate=2008-04-05] She is named for Lisa, a wife of her paternal grandfather. [Pallanti 2006, p. 40] The eldest of seven children, Lisa had three sisters, one of whom was named Ginevra, and three brothers, Giovangualberto, Francesco, and Noldo. [Pallanti 2006, p. 44]

The family lived in Florence, originally near Santa Trinita and later in rented space near Santo Spirito, most likely because they were not able to afford repairs to their former house when it was damaged. Lisa's family moved to what today is called Via dei Pepi and then near Santa Croce, where they lived near Ser Piero da Vinci, Leonardo's father.Pallanti 2006, pp. 45-46] They also owned a small country home in St. Donato in the village of Poggio about convert|32|km|mi|0 south of the city.Zöllner 1993, p. 4] Noldo, Gherardini's father and Lisa's grandfather, had bequeathed a farm in Chianti to the Santa Maria Nuova hospital. Gherardini secured a lease for another of the hospital's farms, and so that he could oversee the wheat harvest, the family spent summers there at the house named Ca' di Pesa. [Pallanti 2006, pp.41-44]

Marriage and later life

On March 5, 1495, Lisa married Francesco di Bartolomeo di Zanobi del Giocondo, a modestly successful cloth and silk merchant, becoming his second wife at age 15. Lisa's dowry was 170 florins and the San Silvestro farm near her family's country home, a sign that the Gherardini family was not wealthy at the time and reason to think she and her husband loved each other.Zöllner 1993, p. 5] The property lies between Castellina and San Donato in Poggio, near two farms later owned by Michelangelo. Neither poor nor among the most well-to-do in Florence, the couple lived a middle-class life. Lisa's marriage may have increased her social status because her husband's family may have been richer than her own. Francesco is thought to have benefited because Gherardini is an "old name". They lived in shared accommodation until March 5, 1503, when Francesco was able to buy a house next door to his family's old home in the Via della Stufa. Leonardo is thought to have begun painting Lisa's portrait the same year. [cite web|title=Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226503&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226503&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500816&bmUID=1155229237450&bmLocale=en|publisher=Musée du Louvre|accessdate=2007-10-04] Zöllner 1993, p. 9]

Lisa and Francesco had five children: Piero, Camilla, Andrea, Giocondo, and Marietta, four of them between 1496 and 1507.cite news|author=Johnston, Bruce|title= Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five|work=Telegraph.co.uk|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/08/01/wmona01.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/08/01/ixworld.html|date=January 1, 2004|accessdate=2007-10-06] Lisa also raised Bartolomeo, the son of Francesco and his first wife, Camilla di Mariotto Rucellai, who was about age 1 when his mother died. Lisa's stepmother, Caterina di Mariotto Rucellai, and Francesco's first wife were sisters, members of the prominent Rucellai family.

Camilla and Marietta became Catholic nuns. Camilla took the name Suor Beatrice and entered the convent of San Domenico di Cafaggio, where she was entrusted to the care of Antonmaria's sister, Suor Albiera and Lisa's sisters, Suor Camilla (who was not chaste and was acquitted in a scandalous visitation by four men at the convent) and Suor Alessandra.Pallanti 2006, pp. 61-62] Beatrice died at age 18 and was buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria Novella.Müntz 1898, p. 154] Lisa developed a relationship with Sant'Orsola, a convent held in high regard in Florence, where she was able to place Marietta in 1521. Marietta took the name Suor Ludovica and became a respected member of the convent in a position of some responsibility. [Pallanti 2006, p. 63]

Francesco became an official in Florence. He was elected to the "Dodici Buonomini" in 1499 and to the Signoria in 1512, where he was confirmed as a "Priori" in 1524. He may have had ties to Medici family political or business interests. In 1512 when the government of Florence feared the return of the Medici from exile, Francesco was imprisoned and fined 1,000 florins. He was released in September when the Medici returned.cite book|author=Masters, Roger D.|title=Fortune is a River: Leonardo da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificant Dream of Changing the Course of Florentine History (online notes for Chapter 6)|publisher=Free Press via Dartmouth College (dartmouth.edu)|date=June 15, 1998|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rmasters/fourtune/notes/06.html|isbn=0-6848-4452-4]

In one account, Francesco died in the plague of 1538. Lisa fell ill and was taken by her daughter Ludovica to the convent of Sant'Orsola, where she died about four years later at the age of 63. [cite news|author=Lorenzi, Rossella|title=Mona Lisa Grave Found, Claims Scholar|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/01/19/monalisa_his.html?category=history&guid=20070119134500|work=Discovery Channel News|publisher=|Discovery Communications|date=January 19, 2007|accessdate=2007-10-06] cite news|author=Lorenzi, Rossella|title=Mona Lisa's Identity Revealed?|work=Discovery Channel News|publisher=Discovery Communications|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/05/02/monalisa_arc.html?category=archaeology&guid=20070502143030|date=May 2, 2007|accessdate=2007-10-06] In a scholarly account of their lives, Francesco lived to be 80 years old. He died in 1539, and Lisa may have lived until at least 1551, when she would have been 71 or 72.

In June 1537 in his will among many provisions, Francesco returned Lisa's dowry to her, gave her her personal clothing and jewelry and provided for her future. Upon entrusting her care to their daughter Ludovica and, should she be incapable, his son Bartolomeo, Francesco wrote, "Given the affection and love of the testator towards Mona Lisa, his beloved wife; in consideration of the fact that Lisa has always acted with a noble spirit and as a faithful wife; wishing that she shall have all she needs...". [Pallanti 2006, p. 105]

"Mona Lisa"

Like other Florentines of their financial means, Francesco's family were art lovers and patrons. His son Bartolommeo asked Antonio di Donnino Mazzieri to paint a fresco at the family's burial site in the Basilica della Santissima Annunziata di Firenze. Andrea del Sarto painted a Madonna for another member of his family. Francesco gave commissions to Leonardo for a portrait of his wife and to Domenico Puligo for a painting of Saint Francis of Assisi. He is thought to have commissioned Lisa's portrait to celebrate both Andrea's birth and the purchase of the family's home.

"Mona Lisa" fulfilled 15th- and early 16th-century requirements for portraying a woman of virtue. Lisa is portrayed as a faithful wife through gesture—her right hand rests over her left. Leonardo also presented Lisa as fashionable and successful, perhaps more well-off than she was. Her dark garments and black veil were Spanish-influenced high fashion; they are not a depiction of mourning for her first daughter, as some scholars have proposed. The portrait is strikingly large; its size is equal to that of commissions acquired by wealthier art patrons of the time. This extravagance has been explained as a sign of Francesco and Lisa's social aspiration.Zöllner 1993, p. 12]

Leonardo had no income during the spring of 1503, which may in part explain his interest in a private portrait.Zöllner 1993, p. 7] But later that year, he most likely had to delay his work on "Mona Lisa" when he received payment for starting "The Battle of Anghiari", which was a more valuable commission and one he was contracted to complete by February 1505.Müntz 1898, p. 136] In 1506 Leonardo considered the portrait unfinished. He was not paid for the work and did not deliver it to his client.Zöllner 1993, p. 6] The artist's paintings traveled with him throughout his life, and he may have completed "Mona Lisa" many years later in France, in one estimation by 1516. [cite web|author=|title=Mona Lisa 1503-16|url=http://www.universalleonardo.org/work.php?id=197|date=|publisher=University of the Arts, London|accessdate=2007-10-24]

The painting's title dates to 1550. An acquaintance of at least some of Francesco's family, Giorgio Vasari wrote, "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife"cite journal|author=Clark, Kenneth, quoting a translation of Vasari|title=Mona Lisa|journal=The Burlington Magazine|publisher=The Burlington Magazine Publications via JSTOR|volume=115|issue=840|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0007-6287(197303)115%3A840%3C144%3AML%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z|month=March | year=1973|pages=144|issn=00076287|accessdate=2007-10-05] (Lang-it|Prese Lionardo a fare per Francesco del Giocondo il ritratto di mona Lisa sua moglie.). [cite book|author=Vasari, Giorgio|others=Gaetano Milanesi|title=Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architettori|volume=IV|pages=39|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EroFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39|location=Firenze|publisher=G.C. Sansoni|origyear=1550, rev. ed. 1568|year=1879|accessdate=2007-10-05] The portrait's Italian ("La Gioconda") and French ("La Joconde") titles are Lisa's married name as well as nicknamecite book|author=Kemp, Martin|title=Leonardo Da Vinci: The Marvellous Works of Nature And Man|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1-t_dJh-_mUC&pg=PA261|pages=261–262|publisher=Oxford University Press via Google Books limited preview|isbn=0-1928-0725-0|year=2006|accessdate=2007-10-05] —in English, "jocund" or "the happy one".

Speculation assigned Lisa's name to at least four different paintings [cite journal|author=Stites, Raymond S.|title=Mona Lisa--Monna Bella|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1543-6314(193601)8%3A1%3C7%3AMLB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-5|journal=Parnassus|volume=8|issue=1|pages=7–10+22–23|publisher=College Art Association via JSTOR|month=January | year=1936|doi=10.2307/771197|accessdate=2007-10-06 and cite book|Littlefield, Walter|title=The Two "Mona Lisas"|publisher=The Century: A Popular Quarterly by Making of America Project via Google Books scan from University of Michigan copy|year=1914|pages=525|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ux0MAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA525&vq=mona+lisa#PPA528,M1|accessdate=2007-10-09 and cite book|author=Wilson, Colin|title=The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved|publisher=Carroll & Graf via Google Books limited preview|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Mf7ujOGDzZ8C&pg=PA364|year=2000|pages=364–366|isbn=0-7867-0793-3] and her identity to at least ten different people. [cite news|author=Debelle, Penelope|title=Behind that secret smile|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/24/1088046208817.html|work=The Age|publisher=The Age Company|date=2004-06-25|accessdate=2007-10-06 and cite news|author=Johnston, Bruce|title= Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved: she was the mother of five|work=Telegraph.co.uk|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/08/01/wmona01.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/08/01/ixworld.html|date=2004-01-08|accessdate=2007-10-06 and cite news|author=Nicholl, Charles (review of Mona Lisa: The History of the World's Most Famous Painting by Donald Sassoon)|title=The myth of the Mona Lisa|work=Guardian Unlimited|publisher=London Review of Books via Guardian News and Media|url=http://books.guardian.co.uk/lrb/articles/0,6109,675653,00.html|date=2002-03-28|accessdate=2007-10-06 and cite news|author=Chaundy, Bob|title=Faces of the Week|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=2006-09-29|accessdate=2007-10-05] By the end of the 20th century, the painting was a global icon that had been used in more than 300 other paintings and in 2,000 advertisements, appearing at an average of one new advertisement each week. [Sassoon 2001, Abstract and p. 16] In 2005, an expert at the University Library of Heidelberg discovered a margin note in the library's collection that established with certainty the traditional view that the sitter was Lisa.cite web|title=Mona Lisa – Heidelberger Fund klärt Identität (English: Mona Lisa – Heidelberger find clarifies identity)|url=http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/news/monalisa.html|publisher=University Library Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-01-15] The people of France have owned the "Mona Lisa" since the French Revolution. [Sassoon 2001, p. 8] Today about 6 million people visit the painting each year at the Louvre in Paris, where it is part of a French national collection. [cite news|author=Chaundy, Bob|title=Faces of the Week|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5392000.stm|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|date=2006-09-29|accessdate=2007-10-05 and cite news|author=Canetti, Claudine|title=The world's most famous painting has the Louvre all aflutter|work=Actualité en France via French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (diplomatie.gouv.fr)|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/discovering-france_2005/france-from-to-z_1978/culture_1979/museums_4412/the-world-most-famous-painting-has-the-louvre-all-aflutter_6824.html|date=undated|accessdate=2007-10-08]

References

Bibliography

*cite journal|author=Zöllner, Frank|title=Leonardo's Portrait of Mona Lisa del Giocondo |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/volltexte/2006/157/pdf/Zoellner_GBA_93.pdf|format=PDF|year=1993|journal=Gazette des Beaux-Arts|issn=0016-5530|volume=121|issue=S.|pages=print 115–138|accessdate=2007-10-09
*cite book|author=Müntz, Eugène|title=Leonardo Da Vinci, Artist, Thinker and Man of Science|year=1898|volume=2|pages=153–172|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_-QEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA153,M1|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|accessdate=2007-10-14
*cite book|author=Pallanti, Giuseppe|title=Mona Lisa Revealed: The True Identity of Leonardo's Model|year=2006|publisher=Skira|location=Florence, Italy|isbn=8-8762465-9-2
*cite journal|author=Sassoon, Donald |title=Mona Lisa: the Best-Known Girl in the Whole Wide World|journal=History Workshop Journal|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|volume=2001|issue=51|issn=1477-4569|pages=Abstract|url=http://hwj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/2001/51/1 |doi=10.1093/hwj/2001.51.1

Further reading

*cite web|title=Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo|url=http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226503&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226503&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500816&bmUID=1155229237450&bmLocale=en|publisher=Musée du Louvre|accessdate=2007-10-04

Persondata |PLEASE SEE !
NAME = Lisa del Giocondo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Lisa Gherardini
SHORT DESCRIPTION = Subject of the "Mona Lisa'
DATE OF BIRTH = June 15, 1479
PLACE OF BIRTH = Province of Florence, Italy, possibly Florence
DATE OF DEATH = July 15, 1542, or c. 1551
PLACE OF DEATH = Florence, Italy