Social Value Orientations

Social Value Orientations

Social value orientations (also referred to as "social motives", "social values", or "value orientations") is a social psychology motivational theory of choice behavior in game situations advanced by David M. Messick and Charles G. McClintock in 1968.cite journal | title = Motivational Bases of Choice in Experimental Games | last = Messick| first = D. M. | coauthors = McClintock, C. G. | year = 1968 | journal = Journal of Experimental Social Psychology | pages = 1–25 | volume = 4 | doi = 10.1016/0022-1031(68)90046-2] Unlike the traditional rational choice theory in mainstream economics, which assumes that all individuals make choices that maximize their own payoffs in social dilemma situations, social value orientations consider personality differences across individuals which leads to a range of preferences for one’s own well-being and the well-being of others.cite journal | title = Value Orientations, Expectations and Voluntary Contributions in Public Goods | last = Offerman |first = T. | coauthors = Sonnemans J., & Schram A. | year = 1996 | journal = The Economic Journal | pages = 817–845| volume = 106 | issue = 437 | doi = 10.2307/2235360]

ocial Value Orientations Categories

Social value orientations are based on the assumption that individuals pursue different goals when making decisions for which the outcomes affect others. Social psychologists generally distinguish between five types of social value orientations. The main difference between each category is the extent to which one cares about his or her own payoffs and that of the other in social dilemma situations.

* Altruistic: Desire to maximize the welfare of the other
* Cooperative: Desire to maximize joint outcomes
* Individualistic: Desire to maximize own welfare with no concern of that of the other
* Competitive: Desire to maximize own welfare relative to that of the other
* Aggressive: Desire to minimize the welfare of the other

Most individuals are either cooperative or individualistic.cite journal | title = Toward a model of interpersonal motivation in experimental games | last = Griesinger |first = D. W. | coauthors = Livingston, J. W. | year = 1973 | journal = Behavioral Science | pages = 173–188 | volume = 18 | doi = 10.1002/bs.3830180305]

Decomposed Game Technique

The "Decomposed Game" technique is an experimental instrument developed by social psychologists to assess one's social value orientation.cite journal | title = Toward a model of interpersonal motivation in experimental games | last = Griesinger |first = D. W. | coauthors = Livingston, J. W. | year = 1973 | journal = Behavioral Science | pages = 173–188 | volume = 18 | doi = 10.1002/bs.3830180305] cite journal | title = 'The effect of social motives, communication and group size on behaviour in an n-person multi stage mixed motive game | last = Liebrand |first = W. B. G. | year = 1984 | journal = European Journal of Social Psychology | pages = 239–264| volume = 14 | doi = 10.1002/ejsp.2420140302] Two variations of this technique exist. The first asks subjects to choose between 24 pairs of options that allocate money to the subject and the "other". The 24 pairs of outcomes correspond to equally spaced points on a circle centered at the origin of a plane. The vertical axis (y) measures the amount of points or money allocated to oneself and the horizontal axis (x) measures the amount allocated to the unknown other. Each pair of outcome correspond to two adjacent points on the circle. Adding up a subject's 24 choices yields a "motivational vector" in the circle. Depending on the location of the motivational vector in the circle, a corresponding social value orientation can be identified for a subject.

The second variation of this technique asks subjects to choose between a series of nine trios of options. Each option corresponds to one the most commonly observed value orientation,i.e., cooperative, individualistic, and competitive. If a subject selected six or more consistent choices, then his or her social value orientation can be identified.

References

ee also

* Cooperation
* Experimental economics
* Experimental psychology
* Human behavior
* Motivation
* Social preferences
* Social psychology


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Social dilemma — Social dilemmas are situations in which private interests are at odds with collective interests. Such situations arise because people frequently attach more weight to their short term selfish interests than to the long term interests of the group …   Wikipedia

  • Social Protection — ▪ 2006 Introduction With medical costs skyrocketing and government programs scaled back, citizens bore more responsibility for their health care costs; irregular migration, human trafficking, and migrant smuggling posed challenges for… …   Universalium

  • Social productivity — The term social is derived from the Latin word socius , which as a noun means an associate, ally, companion, business partner or comrade . The adjectival form socialis refers to a bond between people (such as marriage) or to their collective or… …   Wikipedia

  • social movement — Introduction       loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society s structure or values. Although social movements differ in size, they are all… …   Universalium

  • Harvard Department of Social Relations — The Department of Social Relations for Interdisciplinary Social Science Studies, more commonly known as the Department of Social Relations was an interdisciplinary collaboration among three of the social science departments at Harvard University… …   Wikipedia

  • Framing (social sciences) — For other uses, see Framing (disambiguation). Contents 1 Framing effect in communication research 1.1 Frame building 1.2 F …   Wikipedia

  • Passive income — is a rent received on a regular basis, with little effort required to maintain it. It is advocated by some authors, especially by Robert Kiyosaki.Some examples of passive income are: * Repeated regular income, earned by a sales person, generated… …   Wikipedia

  • Shalom H. Schwartz — Shalom H. Schwartz( he. שלום שוורץ) is social psychologist, cross cultural researcher, author of Theory of basic human values (universal values as a latent motivations and needs). Short biography He received his Ph.D. in social psychology from… …   Wikipedia

  • Clyde Kluckhohn — Born January 11, 1905 Le Mars, Iowa Died July 28, 1960 Santa Fe, New Mexico Nat …   Wikipedia

  • Tragedy of the commons — Cows on Selsley Common. The tragedy of the commons is one way of accounting for overexploitation. The tragedy of the commons is a dilemma arising from the situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently and rationally consulting… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”