- Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
The anti-nuclear movement in Germany has a long history dating back to the early 1970s, when large demonstrations prevented the construction of a nuclear plant at
Wyhl . Anti-nuclear success at Wyhl inspired nuclear opposition throughoutGermany , in other parts ofEurope , and inNorth America .Early years
The tiny hamlet of Wyhl, in the southwestern corner of Germany, was first mentioned in 1971 as a possible site for a
nuclear power station. In the years that followed, local opposition steadily mounted, but this had little impact on politicians and planners. Official permission for the plant was granted and earthworks began on 17 February 1975. [http://www.waltpatterson.org/nppenguin.pdf Nuclear Power] ] On 18 February, local people spontaneously occupied the site and police removed them forcibly two days later. Television coverage of police dragging away farmers and their wives helped to turn nuclear power into a major national issue, with subsequent support coming particularly from the nearby university town of Freiburg. On 23 February about 30,000 people re-occupied the Wyhl site and plans to remove them were abandoned by the state government in view of the large number involved and potential for more adverse publicity. On 21 March 1975, an administrative court withdrew the construction licence for the plant. [http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&id=SeMNAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22public+acceptance+of+new+technologies%22&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=vy8odbFQ2E&sig=EGRHYr9Uq8pRXxOlfH1tJYaOzrc&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA376,M1 Public Acceptance of New Technologies] pp. 375-376.] Gottlieb, Robert (2005). [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=lR0n6oqMNPkC&dq=transofrmation+of+the+american+environmental+gottlieb+revised&pg=PP1&ots=tbarYlxa0T&sig=0ePJW9TPoIheYNkg2FUKL1c6HII&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA237,M1 Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement] , Revised Edition, Island Press, USA, p. 237.] [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00.html Nuclear Power in Germany: A Chronology] ] The plant was never built and the land eventually became a nature reserve.The Wyhl occupation generated extensive national debate. This initially centred on the state government's handling of the affair and associated police behaviour, but interest in nuclear issues was also stimulated. The Wyhl experience encouraged the formation of citizen action groups near other planned nuclear sites. Many other anti-nuclear groups formed elsewhere, in support of these local struggles, and some existing citizens' action groups widened their aims to include the nuclear issue. This is how the German anti-nuclear movement evolved. Anti-nuclear success at Wyhl also inspired nuclear opposition in the rest of Europe and North America.
Other protests
In 1976 and 1977, mass demonstrations took place at
Kalkar , the site of Germany's first FBR, and atBrokdorf , north of Hamburg. The circumstances at Brokdorf were similar to those at Wyhl, in that the behaviour of the police was again crucial:The authorities had rushed through the licensing process, and police occupied the site hours before the first construction license was granted, in order to prevent a repetition of Wyhl. Demonstrators trying to enter the site a few days later got harsh treatment, and all this helped consolidate the population in opposition.
In February 1977 the prime minister of Lower Saxony,
Ernst Albrecht of the Christian Democratic Union, announced that the salt mines inGorleben would be utilised to storeradioactive waste . New protests by the local population and opponents of nuclear power broke out and approximately 20,000 people attended the first large demonstration in Gorleben on March 12, 1977. Protests about Gorleben continued for many years. [ [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2001/jun2001/grns-j26.shtml The German Greens and the nuclear industry] ]In the early 1980s plans to build a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in the Bavarian town of
Wackersdorf lead to major protests. In 1986, West German police were confronted by demonstrators armed with slingshots, crowbars and Molotov cocktails at the site of a nuclear reprocessing plant inWackersdorf . [ [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961509-2,00.html Energy and Now, the Political Fallout] , "Time", June 2 1986] [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE6DC1230F93AA35755C0A960948260 Germans Arrest 300 In Antinuclear Protests] ] The plans for the plant were abandoned in 1988. It still isn't clear whether protests or plant economics led to the decision.In 1981, Germany's largest anti-nuclear demonstration took place to protest against the construction of the
Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant on the North Sea coast west of Hamburg. Some 100,000 people came face to face with 10,000 police officers. Twenty-one policemen were injured by demonstrators armed with gasoline bombs, sticks, stones and high-powered slingshots. [ [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0F16FA3F5D0C728CDDAA0894D9484D81 West Germans Clash at Site of A-Plant] "New York Times", March 1, 1981 p. 17.] [ [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2306337,00.html Nuclear Power in Germany: A Chronology] ] [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E3DC1439F932A35750C0A967948260 Violence Mars West German Protest] "New York Times", March 1, 1981 p. 17] The plant began operations in October 1986 and is scheduled to close in 2018.Recent developments
The anti-nuclear protests were also a driving force of the green movement in Germany, from which the party the Greens evolved. When they first came to power in the Schröder administration of 1998 they achieved their major political goal for which they had fought for 20 years: abandoning nuclear energy in Germany.
In 2002, the "Act on the structured phase-out of the utilization of nuclear energy for the commercial generation of electricity" took effect, following a drawn-out political debate and lengthy negotiations with nuclear power plant operators. The act legislated for the shut-down of all German nuclear plants by 2021. The
Stade Nuclear Power Plant was the first one to go offline in November 2003, followed by theObrigheim Nuclear Power Plant in 2005. Block-A of theBiblis Nuclear Power Plant is still provisionally scheduled to be shut down in 2008. [UIC. [http://www.uic.com.au/nip46.htm Nuclear power in Germany] .] Block-B is going back online after a year-long shutdown on December 13 or 14, 2007 and is scheduled to keep operating until 2009 or 2012. [Reuters. [http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSL3087639620071130 UPDATE 1-Germany's RWE says Biblis B reactor is restarting] .]
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