Hunter vs. farmer theory

The hunter vs. farmer theory is a hypothesis proposed by Thom Hartmann about the origins of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adult attention-deficit disorder (AADD), that these conditions may be a result of a form of adaptive behavior. Hartmann notes that most or all humans were nomadic hunter gatherers for many thousands of years, but that this standard gradually changed as agriculture developed in most societies, and more people worldwide became farmers. Over many years, most humans adapted to farming cultures, but people with ADD/ADHD retained some of the older hunter characteristics. A key component of the theory is that the proposed "hyperfocus" aspect of ADD/ADHD is a gift or benefit. It is argued that in the hunter-gatherer cultures that preceded farming societies, hunters (presumably mostly men) needed hyperfocus more than gatherers (presumably mostly women). Hartmann speculates that this gender difference is reflected in the fact that ADHD is diagnosed in over twice as many boys as girls. Hartmann developed the hunter vs. farmer hypothesis as a way to see ADD/ADHD as a set of behaviors, tendencies and skills with benefits and disadvantage, rather than simply as a defect or disorder.

cience and the hunter vs. farmer theory

This hunter theory is an interpretation of the origins of ADHD. One common generalization is that ADHD is a co-occurrence of several genetic variants. Harpending and Cochran offer a three-phase view of history that includes hunter-gathering, female farming, and then intensive agriculture; they suggest the hypothesis that ADHD increased reproductive fitness in the second phase. [Harpending and Cochran. PNAS, Jan 8 2002] An important view, with considerable genetic backing, is that some of these genetic variants may have value in certain kinds of social groups, such as those that have migrated. [Chang et al 1996 Human Genetics 98] [Grady et al 2003 Molecular Psychiatry 8] Genetic variants conferring susceptibility to ADD are very frequent - implying that the trait had provided selective advantage in the past. [Arcos-Burgos and Acosta "Tuning major gene variants conditioning human behavior: the anachronism of ADHD"]

According to evolutionary anthropologist Ben Campbell of the University of Wisconsin, studies of the Ariaal, an isolated nomadic group in Kenya, suggest that impulsivity -- a key trait of ADD/ADHD -- has distinct advantages to nomadic peoples. [ [http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14100-did-hyperactivity-evolve-as-a-survival-aid-for-nomads.html Callaway, Ewan. 2008. "Did hyperactivity evolve as a survival aid for nomads?"] URL accessed 2008-06-13]

Criticism

Some criticism of the Hunter vs. Farmer theory revolves around the mismatch between the behaviours associated with ADHD, and those described as being adaptive for hunters, which might more accurately fit hypomania than ADD/ADHD. [Mota-Castillo, M. (2005). Review of "The Edison Gene: ADHD and the Gift of the Hunter Child". Psychiatric Services, 56, 500.] As a theory of evolutionary psychology it is also open to the core criticisms of that discipline.

Hartmann, the originator of the theory, has stated that the hunter vs. farmer idea was intended as a mental model after his own son was diagnosed with ADHD, stating, "It's not hard science, and was never intended to be," while acknowledging that some researchers are now using the hunter vs. farmer idea as a working hypothesis about the origin of ADD/ADHD. [cite book | last = Hartmann | first = Thom | title = ADD Success Stories | date = 1995 | publisher = Underwood Books | location = Grass Valley, California | id = ISBN 1-887424-04-0 | page = xvii ]

See also

* Neurodiversity
* Controversy about ADHD
* Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD or ADHD)
* Adult attention-deficit disorder (AADD)
* Hyperfocus

References

*Hartmann, Thom, "Attention Deficit Disorder: A New Perspective"

External links

* [http://www.nmha.org/infoctr/factsheets/93.cfm National Mental Health association, AADD webspage]
* [http://www.ncpamd.com/Adult_ADD.htm Adult Attention Deficit Disorder website with links]
* [http://www.helpguide.org/mental/adhd_add_signs_symptoms.htm Helpguide: ADHD or ADD: Signs, Symptoms, and Subtypes]

Further reading

*Hartmann,Thom "Attention Deficit Disorder, A Different Perception" subtitled "A Hunter in a Farmers World".