Harrington–Hollingsworth experiment

The Harrington-Hollingsworth experiment was an experiment that established the autoimmune nature of the blood disorder immune thrombocytopenic purpura.cite journal |author=Harrington WJ, Minnich V, Hollingsworth JW, Moore CV |title=Demonstration of a thrombocytopenic factor in the blood of patients with thrombocytopenic purpura |journal=J. Lab. Clin. Med. |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |year=1951 |month=July |pmid=14850832 |doi= |url=] cite journal |author=Schwartz RS |title=Immune thrombocytopenic purpura--from agony to agonist |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=357 |issue=22 |pages=2299–301 |year=2007 |pmid=18046034 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe0707126] It was performed in 1950 by the academic staff of Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri.

Experiment

The experiment was undertaken in 1950 by William J. Harrington and James W. Hollingsworth, who postulated that in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), it was a blood factor that caused the destruction of platelets. To test this hypothesis, Harrington received 500 ml of blood from a patient with ITP. Within three hours, his platelets dropped to dangerously low levels and he experienced a seizure. His platelet count remained extremely low for four days, finally returning back to normal levels by the fifth day. Bone marrow biopsy from Harrington's sternum demonstrated normal megakaryocytes, the cells necessary for platelet production.

Subsequently the experiment was repeated on all suitable staff members at the Barnes-Jewish Hospital. All subjects developed low platelet counts within three hours, and all recovered after a period of several days.

Implications

Schwartz notes that the Harrington-Hollingsworth experiment was a turning point in the understanding of ITP's pathophysiology:

The experiment was the first to demonstrate that infusion of an ITP patient's plasma into a normal patient caused a precipitous drop in platelet count. This suggested that low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) in patients with ITP was caused by a circulating factor found in the blood. Many studies performed since then have demonstrated that this circulating factor is in fact a collection of immunoglobulins.cite journal |author=Tomer A, Koziol J, McMillan R |title=Autoimmune thrombocytopenia: flow cytometric determination of platelet-associated autoantibodies against platelet-specific receptors |journal=J. Thromb. Haemost. |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=74–8 |year=2005 |month=January |pmid=15634268 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.01052.x |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.01052.x] cite journal |author=Li J, Yang C, Xia Y, "et al" |title=Thrombocytopenia caused by the development of antibodies to thrombopoietin |journal=Blood |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=3241–8 |year=2001 |month=December |pmid=11719360 |doi= |url=http://www.bloodjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11719360]

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