- Timeline of Romanian history
Prehistory
* 1,000,000 - 700,000 - the appearance of the first carved tools, the so-called "Pebble culture" ("Cultură de prund" in Romanian). These tools have been attributed to the Homo erectus hominid type.
* cca. 40,000 BC - the oldest modern human (Homo sapiens sapiens) remains in Europe, are discovered in 2002 in the "Cave With Bones" (
Peştera cu Oase ), nearAnina .513 BC to 271 AD
* 513 BC - first written evidence of tribes (
Getae orDacians ) inhabiting the region byHerodotus
* first half of 2nd century BC - the Dacian Kingdom was lead by KingOroles
* 74 BC - Dacian Kingdom at its peak under KingBurebista
* 86 AD - first encounter ofRoman Empire with the Dacian Kingdom
* 101-102 AD - first campaign of EmperorTrajan againstDacians
* 106 AD -Battle of Sarmisegetusa , Dacia becomes aRoman province
* 271 AD - retreat of Roman occupation of Dacia4th century to 10th century AD
* 10th century - Byzantine, Slavic and Hungarian sources, and—later on—Western and even Oriental sources mention the existence of Romanians and Romanian state entities under the name of
Vlachs 10th century - 1601
* 1003 - mention of the local ruler Gyula (Geula, Gyyla or Jula) in Transylvania .
* 1241 - A Persian chronicle mentions several rulers fromWallachia suchBezerenbam and Mişelav and the country ofIlaut .
* 1288 - among the first evidences of Diet inTransylvania
* 1330 -Battle of Posada
* 1437 -Bobâlna revolt 1601-1859
Early Modern Times (1859-1881)
"Main articles
National awakening of Romania ,Romanian War of Independence "* 1859 -
Alexandru Ioan Cuza is elected Price ofMoldavia onJanuary 5 . Three weeks later he is also elected Price ofWallachia , thus achieving ade facto union of the two principalities;* 1860 -
University of Iaşi is established, as the first institution of higher education inRomanian language . TheRomanian Army is founded;* 1861 - On 5 February, the 1859 union is formally declared and a new country,
Romania is born. The capital city is chosen to beBucureşti . On 23 December,Abdülaziz , theSultan of theOttoman Empire officially recognizes the union but only for the duration of Cuza's reign;* 1862 - The
Government of Romania is formed withAlexandru Constantin Moruzi as the first ever Prime Minister;* 1863 -
Alexandru Ioan Cuza promulgates the Agrarian Reform in which the majority of the land is transferred into the property of those who worked it. As there was not enough land, theSecularization of monastery estates in Romania , in which large estates owned by theRomanian Orthodox Church are transferred under state ownership and than to private property, takes place. This was an important turning point in the history of Romania, as it marked the almost disappearance of the Boyar class, leaving the country to look towardscapitalism andindustrialization ;* 1864 - The
Parliament of Romania is formed. A tuition-free,compulsory public education forprimary schools is introduced inRomania for the first time. Also a Criminal Code and a Civil Code, both based on theNapoleonic Code , are introduced;* 1865 - On 1 January, Casa de Economii şi Consemnaţiuni, the first bank of Romania, is established;
* 1866 - On 22 February,
Alexandru Ioan Cuza is forced to sign hisabdication . The Agrarian Reform from 1863 made himself many enemies. Besides, the country is facing financial collapse. On 26 March, Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen becomes Prince of Romania as Carol. On 1 July, the first constitution of Romania is ratified;* 1867 - On 22 April the Leu currency is adopted;
* 1869 - The
Bucureşti -Giurgiu railway works are concluded after four years and the line become the first of this kind in Romania. However, it is not the first railway built on the present territory of Romania. The firstrailway was built in 1854 inBanat ;* 1870 - The short-lived Republica Ploieşti is formed in the city of
Ploieşti , as a revolt against the Prince;* 1877 - On 16 April, Romania and the
Russian Empire sign a treaty under which Russian troops are allowed to pass through Romanian territory, with the condition to respect the integrity of Romania. On 21 May, theParliament of Romania declare the independence of the country. In the fall Romania join the Russo-Turkish War on theRussian Empire side. In November, deeply defeated in the Battle of Pleven, theOttoman Empire request an armistice.* 1878 - Romania independence is recognised by the
Central Powers on 13 July. Following the Treaty of Berlin, Romania now include territories ofDobrogea , theDanube Delta , and Insula Şerpilor. In return the southern counties ofBassarabia are returned toRussian Empire ;* 1880 -
National Bank of Romania is established in April;Kingdom of Romania (1881 - 1947)
"Main article
Kingdom of Romania "* 1881 - On 26 March, Carol I is crowned as King and Romania becomes
kingdom ;* 1882 - The Stock Exchange opens in
Bucureşti ;* 1894 - Leaders of the
Transylvania n Romanians who sent a Memorandum to theAustrian Emperor demanding national rights for the Romanians are found guilty of treason;* 1907 - Violent peasant revolts crush throughout Romania, thousands of persons killed;
* 1913 - At the end of the
Balkan Wars , Romania acquire the southern part of theDobrogea from Bulgaria;* 1914 - On 10 October, Carol I dies and he is succeeded by his nephew, Ferdinand, who becomes the second
King of Romania as Ferdinand I;Romania in World War I
"Main article
Romania during World War I "* 1916 - Despite choosing to stay away from the war, the death of King Carol I and the course of events made Romania to change its view and decide to enter the war on the
Entente side, demanding the territory ofTransylvania . The demands of theRomanian Government were finally accepted and following the First Treaty of Bucharest, Romania declare war to theCentral Powers on 27 August and launch attacks through theSouthern Carpathians and intoTransylvania . Poorly trained and equipped, theRomanian Army cannot face the power of the German, Bulgarian and Ottoman armies andBucureşti is lost in December.Iaşi becomes temporarily the capital city of Romania;* 1917 - The
Battle of Mărăşeşti , between 6 August and 8 September, could have been the turning point but the retreat of theRussian Army from Romania left the Romanians no choice but to ask for peace;* 1918 - The Second Treaty of Bucharest is signed on 7 May. However, after the successful offensive of the on the
Entente , on the Thessaloniki front which put Bulgaria out of the war, Romania re-entered the war on 10 November. On 28 November the Romanian representatives ofBucovina voted for union with the Kingdom of Romania, followed by the proclamation of the union ofTransylvania with the Kingdom of Romania on 1 December, by the representatives ofTransylvania n Romanians and of theTransylvanian Saxons gathered atAlba Iulia . Both proclamations were not, however, yet recognized by theEntente powers;* 1919 -
Bela Kun , the leader of theHungarian Soviet Republic , decides to attack Romania to regain the lost territories inTransylvania without any success. The counter-offensive led to the occupation of the Hungarian capitalBudapest in August by theRomanian Army putting an end to the self-proclaimedHungarian Soviet Republic . In meantime, the union proclamations ofBucovina ,Basarabia andTransylvania are officially recognized by theTreaty of Versailles and later by theTreaty of Trianon and theKingdom of Romania expand its borders.Greater Romania (1918 - 1939)
"Main article
Greater Romania "* 1920 - On 20 January, Romania become founding member of
League of Nations . The CFRNA (French-Romanian Company for Air Navigation is established, becoming the first airline in Romania;* 1921 - On 23 April, Romania and
Czechoslovakia sign apeace treaty inBucureşti . It will be followed by a similar treaty between Romania and Yugoslavia signed itBelgrade one month later. A new land reform takes place, at the idea of King Ferdinand I, who wanted to repay the soldiers and their families for sacrifices made during the war;* 1922 - King Ferdinand I and Queen Maria are crowned in
Alba Iulia asKing andQueen of all Romanians;* 1925 - The
Romanian Orthodox Church is officially recognized;* 1927 - On 20 July, King Ferdinand I dies and Mihai I, his
grandson , becomes the thirdKing of Romania after his father Carol renounced to his rights to the throne in two years earlier. On 24 July, theIron Guard is formed byCorneliu Zelea Codreanu . TheIron Guard will play a major role in the Romanian political and social system over the next decade and a half;* 1930 - Carol II returns to Romania on 7 June and he is proclaimed King one day later, thus becoming the fourth
King of Romania . The Societatea Anonimă Română de Telefoane is established and Romania start to use landline telephony;* 1933 - On 10 December,
Ion Duca , Prime Minister of Romania at the time, bans theIron Guard . On 29 December,Ion Duca is assassinated by members of theparamilitary organisation;* 1938 - In a bid for political unity against the
fascist movement known as theIron Guard , which was gaining popularity, Carol II dismissed the government headed byOctavian Goga . The activity of theRomanian Parliament and of all political parties was suspended and the country is governed byroyal decree .Miron Cristea , the first Patriarch of theRomanian Orthodox Church become Prime Minister on 11 February;Romania in World War II
"Main article
Romania during World War II "* 1939 -
Nazi Germany and theSoviet Union signs theMolotov-Ribbentrop Pact , in which the Soviet side claimsBasarabia . The territory is given to theSoviet Union together with the northern part ofBucovina one year later. On 21 SeptemberArmand Călinescu ,Prime Minister of Romania , is murdered by theIron Guard .* 1940 - On 27 June, following of an
ultimatum issued by theSoviet Union , Romania loseBasarabia . On 30 August, under theSecond Vienna Award , Romania lose the northern part ofTransylvania toHungary . Only one week later theKadrilater is lost toBulgaria . On 4 September,Horia Sima , leader of theIron Guard , andIon Antonescu , an Romanian Army General,Prime Minister of Romania at that date, form the "National Legionary State" in Romania, forcing the abdication of King Carol II. Mihai I becomes king for the second time two days later. On 8 October, Nazi troops began crossing into Romania. On 23 November, Romania joined theAxis Powers .* 1941 - Between 21 January and 23 January, a rebellion organised by the
Iron Guard take place in Bucharest. Later known as the Bucharest pogrom, it follows the decission taken byIon Antonescu to cut-off the privileges of theIron Guard . During the rebellion, 125Jews and 30 army soldiers die. After the order is restored, theIron Guard is banned. On 22 June, Romania joinOperation Barbarossa , attacking theSoviet Union hoping to recover the lost territories ofBasarabia andBucovina . Later, Romania annex Soviet lands immediately east of theDnister ;* 1943 - Romania become a target of Allied aerial bombardment;
* 1944 - On 23 August, King Mihai leads a successful coup with support from opposition politicians and the army.
Ion Antonescu is arrested. On 12 September, an Armistice Agreement is signed with theAllied Powers . Romania join theAllied Powers . In OctoberWinston Churchill ,Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , proposed an agreement withSoviet dictatorJoseph Stalin on how to split upEastern Europe in spheres of influence after the war. TheSoviet Union were offered a 90% share of influence in Romania.Battle of Romania begins;* 1945 - On 1 March,
Petru Groza becomes the firstCommunist Prime Minister of Romania afterNicolae Rădescu was forced to by theSoviet Union 's deputyPeople's Commissar for Foreign Affairs,Andrei Y. Vishinsky . Later in the year Romania takes part to Battle of Budapest as well as the Battle of Prague. Despite joining theAllies in August1944 , Romania had an important contribution in theWorld War II , shortening it by six months, according to Sir Winston Churchill;* 1946 - The
Romanian Communist Party win the elections held on 19 November throughelectoral fraud ;Communist Romania (1947 - 1989)
"Main article
Communist Romania "* 1947 - Following the abdication of Mihai I, the People's Republic of Romania is declared on 30 December against the majority of people who supported the monarchy. The new leader of Romania becomes
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej , General Secretary of theRomanian Communist Party ;* 1948 - A new constitution is ratified on 13 April. Two months later, on 11 June all banks and major enterprises are nationalized. During the year, also in the years to come, many pre-war politicians, businessmen, priests and even ordinary people are thrown in prisons. On 30 August, following the model of Soviet
NKVD , the Romanian secret policed is formed;* 1949 - A forced collectivization, in which the
agriculture is organized under the socialist model, comes into force. Romania joinComecon . The construction ofDanube-Black Sea Canal starts. The canal was the most knownlabour camp in the history of Romania;* 1951 - During the night of 18 June the third-largest mass deportation in modern Romanian history takes place. Some 45,000 people are taken from their homes and deported to the
Bărăgan plain ;* 1952 - The
Hungarian Autonomous Province , the one and only autonomous province in modern Romania, is created. It will be disestablished in 1968. The second Communist constitution is ratified;* 1953 - The
Danube-Black Sea Canal is halted and the labour camp disestablished.Iuliu Maniu dies inSighet prison;* 1954 -
SovRoms , joint ventures between Romania andSoviet Union are formed. They will prove their inefficiency for Romania from the first day of establishment and most of them will be dissolved in 1956;* 1955 - Romania join the
Warsaw Pact . On 14 February, a group of Romanian anti-Communists occupies the Romanian embassy inBerne demanding the release from prisons of many public personalities. With the help of the Swiss police, the order is re-established two days later. On 14 December, Romania join theUnited Nations ;* 1956 - On 28 October a radio station calling itself "Romania of the future. The voice of resistance" begins broadcasting on different wavelengths. Many protests, especially amongst students, follows in November. On 31 December, Televiziunea Română start to broadcast first programmes;
* 1957 -
ARO is established inCâmpulung-Muscel and start to manufacture off-road vehicles.ARO IMS become the first car built in Romania afterWorld War II . Over the next three decadesARO will be alandmark of Romania.* 1958 - The Soviet Union Army leave Romania after fourteen years of occupation;
* 1959 - On 28 July, the
Ioanid Gang carries out the most famous bank robbery ever to occur in a Communist state;* 1960 - Oliviu Beldeanu, the leader of the group that occupied the Romanian embassy in
Berne five years earlier, is executed inBucureşti ;* 1965 - On 19 March,
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej dies andNicolae Ceauşescu is elected General Secretary of theRomanian Communist Party and become the state leader. The official name of the country is changed into The Socialist Republic of Romania. The third Communist constitution is ratified;* 1966 - Intreprinderea de Autoturisme Piteşti is established. Two years later Romania start the
mass production , the first mass production of a car -Dacia 1100 .Nicolae Ceauşescu orders that theabortion decree signed in 1957 to be reversed and new policies to increase birth rate and fertility rate are introduced. The policy fails, as the population begins to swell, accompanied by rising poverty and increased homelessness children in the urban areas;* 1968 - Romania refuse to participate to the
invasion of Czechoslovakia .Nicolae Ceauşescu openly condemns the action, thus he becomes aWestern world favourite.Richard Nixon 's visit in Romania was the first of an American president in a Communist country. The Patriotic Guards are formed, as additional defence force in case of an attack from the outside;* 1972 - In order to develop a "multilaterally socialist society",
Nicolae Ceauşescu starts aurban planning planning, following the ideologies ofNorth Korea . The face of the country is completely changed in the years to come;* 1974 -
Nicolae Ceauşescu becomes the firstPresident of Romania . Romania become the first country in theEastern Bloc ever to establish economic relations with theEuropean Community . The Generalised System of Preferences is signed, followed by Agreement on Industrial Products in 1980.* 1976 - At the age of 14,
Nadia Comăneci becomes one of the stars of the1976 Summer Olympics inMontreal . During the team portion of the competition, her routine on the uneven bars is scored at a 10.0. It is the first time in modern Olympic gymnastics history that the score had ever been awarded. Over the next years, Nadia will become one of the most known Romanians in the world;* 1976 - The
Danube-Black Sea Canal project re-starts;* 1977 - On 4 March, 21:20 local time, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4 and epicentre in
Vrancea at a depth of 94 kilometres occur. The earthquake killed about 1,570 people and wounded more than 11,000. Total damages are estimated at more than two billion dollars. On 1 July 35,000 out of 90,000miner s inJiu Valley decide to stop working. Their protest is the biggest of this kind inCommunist Romania before the 1989 revolution. The strike only ends whenNicolae Ceauşescu intervened in person.* 1978 -
Ion Mihai Pacepa , a senior officer inSecuritate , defected to the United States becoming the highest ranking defector from theEastern Bloc ;* 1980 - Construction of the
Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant begins. The fourth Communist constitution is ratified;* 1981 - The
1981 Summer Universiade becomes the most important sport event ever to be hosted by Romania.Dumitru Prunariu becomes the first Romanian inspace ;* 1983 - As part of the urban planning programme significant portions of the historic centre of
Bucureşti are demolished in order to accommodate standardized apartment blocks and government buildings, including the grandioseCentrul Civic and the palatial House of the People, the second largest building in the world;* 1984 - Romania is, alongside
People's Republic of China andYugoslavia , one of the three Communist countries to take part to the1984 Summer Olympics inLos Angeles ,USA . TheDanube-Black Sea Canal canal is finally completed after nearly four decades;* 1986 - On 7 May,
Steaua Bucureşti win the European Cup and become the first and only football team from a Communist country to win the trophy;* 1987 - In a climate of economic depression and food shortages a rebellion erupts on 15 November in the city of
Braşov . Over 300 protesters were arrested forhooliganism .* 1989 - On 16 December, a protest brakes out in
Timişoara . Five days laterNicolae Ceauşescu organises a mass meeting inBucureşti . The jeers and whistles soon erupts into riot, as the crowd takes to the streets, placing the capital in turmoil.Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife leaveBucureşti putting and end of a four-decades long Communist period in Romania. On 25 December, after a short trial,Nicolae Ceauşescu and his wife are executed.Present Day Romania (since 1989)
"Main article Present Day Romania"
* 1989 - The
National Salvation Front (FSN) take the power during theRomanian Revolution . The leader is electedIon Iliescu . The new name of the republic becomesRomania ;* 1990 - On 20 May free elections are held in Romania for the first time after fifty years. FSN, which became a political party, win the elections.
Ion Iliescu is elected the secondPresident of Romania . Before and after the elections, a protest initiated by the students and professors ofUniversity of Bucharest , which was also supported by manyintellectuals , demanded that former members of theRomanian Communist Party , which includedIon Iliescu , should be banned from elections. The protest was ended by the intervention of the miners fromJiu Valley , brought toBucureşti by Iliescu himself in what is remembered as theJune 1990 Mineriad ;* 1991 - A new constitution is ratified;
* 1992 - Elections are held and
Ion Iliescu wins a second mandate.Privatization of the industry starts;* 1993 - Romania apply to become a member of the
European Union . The firstwireless telephony system becomes active;* 1995 - The Stock Exchange reopens in
Bucureşti ;* 1996 -
Emil Constantinescu becomes the thirdPresident of Romania ;* 1997 - Romania join the countries able to use GSM telephony;
* 2000 -
Ion Iliescu returns to power after winning the elections;* 2004 -
Traian Băsescu becomes the fourthPresident of Romania . Romania join theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization ;* 2007 - On 1 January, Romania join the
European Union .Traian Băsescu is temporarily suspended in relation to corruption allegations and replaced withNicolae Văcăroiu .
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