Kapenguria Six

The Kapenguria Six - Bildad Kaggia, Kung'u Karumba, Jomo Kenyatta, Fred Kubai, Paul Ngei, and Achieng' Oneko - were six leading Kenyan nationalists who were arrested in 1952, tried at Kapenguria in 1952-3, and imprisoned thereafter in Northern Kenya.

Prelude

Evelyn Baring was the last of the players to take the stage: the new Governor arrived in Kenya on September 30 1952. After the conquest, large amounts of Kenya's best land were alienated for exclusive white use. Black Africans were allowed to remain as tenant farmers ('squatters') on land they had previously owned or newly cultivated; their terms of service steadily worsened. At Olenguruoune in 1944, 11, 000 squatters were expelled, the beginning of the last act of a land dispute that had raged since the 1920’s. [The number is Piers Brendon's, see Brendon 2007: 546.] [See further Kanogo's 1987.] The first Mau Mau oaths were probably administered there and then. [See Throup 1985:415.] Kenyatta returned home from the UK in 1946. By 1947, oathing had spread all over Kikuyuland and into Nairobi. [Corfield 1960: 51.] Mitchell proscribed the new organisation – now called Mau Mau – in 1950.

On October 9 1952, Senior Chief Waruhiu was shot and killed by Mau Mau gunmen. Baring had been on a tour of Central Province, it was cut short. [Conveniently, Baring later remembered having been told by the chiefs that: "if you don't get Kenyatta and those all around him and shut them up somehow or other we are in a terrible, hopeless, position.See Elkins 2005: 33: she's quoting the MS of an interview between Baring and Margery Perham; see Elkins 2005: 381 n. 6 for the full reference.] At the funeral, he and Kenyatta locked eyes over the casket; days afterwards, Baring signed the arrest warrants for the Six. [Elkins 2005:35]

Operation Jock Scott

On the night of 20/21 October, a mass arrest was carried out of Mau Mau and KAU leaders. There is some doubt about the actual number of arrests. [ See page 74 of [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HRD.htm "Emergency In Kenya: Kikuyu And The Mau Mau Insurrection"] :"Sources vary as to the number of arrests actually made that night, though Governor Baring had signed 183 arrest and detention warrants. By dawn somewhere between 83 and 112 arrests had been made quietly and without resistance."] Baring had signed the Emergency order on the evening of the 20th [Elkins 2005: 36] , the emergency was publicly proclaimed on the morning of the 21st. Troops from the Lancashire Fusiliers, flown in on the 20th, were in place later that day, patrolling the African areas of segregated Nairobi.

The Trial

Anthony Somerhough, the Deputy Public Prosecutor, opened proceedings on December 3 1952. The charge against the defendants was that the had jointly managed a proscribed society (and that the proscribed society - Mau Mau had conspired to murder all white residents of Kenya).

The defence was led by Denis Pritt [ Pritt had sat as an independent Left MP; he was thought by George Orwell to be 'perhaps the most effective pro-Soviet publicist in this country' (Morgan 2004). Neither of these facts made him popular with white Kenyans.] , assisted by a multiracial team: HO Davies, a Nigerian; Chaman Lall, an Indian, and friend of Nehru's [See Elkins 2005:40] ; and the Kenyans Fitz De Souza, Achroo Kapila, and Jaswant Singh. In line with the segregationist legislation then in force, they were prohibited from staying in the same hotel. [See Elkins 2005:40-1.]

Baring offered Ransley Thacker, the presiding judge, an unusually large pension, and that from the Emergency fund rather than a more conventional source; the two also maintained secret contact during the trial. [See Elkins 2005: 40, and Anderson 2005: 65] . Witnesses were suborned, as Baring admitted in a letter to Lyttelton, saying that "every possible effort has been made to offer them rewards". [See Elkins 2005: 40] Rawson Macharia, the key witness at the trial, was later to testify that he had been offered a university course in public administration at Exeter University College, protection for his family, and a government job on his return from the UK. [See Lonsdale 2000: 235] Other witnesses were offered land at the Coast. [See Lonsdale 2000: 235-6]

The crucial piece of evidence was Macharia's. He testified that in March 1950, he had taken one of the Mau Mau oaths at Kenyatta's hands. He further claimed that the oath had required him to strip naked and drink human blood. Macharia's submissions were the only evidence of a direct link between Kenyatta and Mau Mau produced before the court. However, Mau Mau was proscribed in August 1950, so, even had the claims been true, it is unclear that they would have proved Kenyatta's membership, let alone management, of a proscribed organisation. Macharia was later convicted of perjury.

Aftermath

The defendants were all convicted, and sentenced to long terms and permanent restriction. Kenyatta received three year's hard labour, the other, younger, defendants got seven years each.

The remainder of the nationalist movement - in which Mboya and Odinga featured prominently - kept up the pressure for Uhuru and the release of the detainees: KANU's election slogan in the 1961 election was "Uhuru na Kenyatta" ("Independence and Kenyatta"). KANU won the election and then refused to form a government unless Kenyatta was released. Despite Renison's famous dismissal of Kenyatta as the leader "unto darkness and death", it was clear that he was indispensable; he was duly released in 1961. The rest of the Six were released soon thereafter.

Kenyatta went on to the presidency of Kenya; Kaggia and Ngei served as ministers; Oneko was detained by Kenyatta between 1969 and 1974, before later serving as MP for Rarieda in Kenya's 7th Parliament; Kung'u Karumba disappeared in 1975, while in Uganda on business; Fred Kubai twice served as MP for Nakuru East - from 1963 to 1974, and from 1983 to 1988 - before his death in June 1996.

References

Bibliography

*David Anderson (2005), "Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire". Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London. ISBN 0297847198
*Piers Brendon (2007), "The Decline and Fall of the British Empire (1781-1997)", Jonathan Cape: London. ISBN 0224062220
*Caroline Elkins (2005), "", New York:Henry Holt. ISBN 0805080015
*Frederick Corfield (1960), "The Origins and Growth of Mau Mau", Nairobi: Government Printer.
*R. D. Hughes (1984), [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HRD.htm "Emergency in Kenya: Kikuyu and the Mau Mau"] Insurrection Virginia: Marine Corps Command and Staff College
*Tabitha Kanogo (1987), "Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905-63", James Currey: London. ISBN 0852550197.
*John Kariuki (05.23.1999), [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/230599/Features/SE13.html "Uhuru heroes: Some got rich, others were not so lucky"] "The Nation", Nairobi.
*John Lonsdale (2000), "Kenyatta's Trials: Making and Breaking an African Nationalist", in The "Moral World of the Law", Peter Coss (ed), Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521640598
*John Lonsdale (1990), "Mau Maus of the Mind: Making Mau Mau and Remaking Kenya", "The Journal of African History", 31 (3): 393-421.
*Rawson Macharia (1991), "The Truth about the Trial of Jomo Kenyatta", Nairobi: Longman. ISBN 9966498230
* Stephen Mburu (12.12.2000), [http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/12122000/News/News11.html "What Became of the Kapenguria Six?"] "The Nation", Nairobi.
*Kevin Morgan (2004), "Pritt, Denis Nowell (1887–1972)", "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31570, accessed 27 Nov 2007]
*Montagu Slater (1955), "The trial of Jomo Kenyatta". London: Secker and Warburg. ISBN 0436472007
*David Throup (1985), "The Origins of Mau Mau", "African Affairs", 84:399-433.