Symphony No. 4 (Simpson)

The Symphony No. 4 by Robert Simpson was written between 1970 and 1972 and commissioned by the The Hallé who gave the premiere, conducted by James Loughran, at the Free Trade Hall, Manchester, on 6 April 1973.

The symphony was Simpson's largest work to date and uses a reasonably large orchestra. This was Simpson's first 'orthodox' four movement symphony and is the only one consciously 'classical' in layout. The overall tonality is E flat, and the work contains many musical references to Ludwig van Beethoven and Joseph Haydn.

The four movements are:

*Allegro moderato
*Presto (Scherzo and Trio)
*Andante
*Allegro vivace

In this work Simpson began to make use of a characteristic harmonic device that resounds through his later music: he sometimes places chords that are identical in structure a fifth apart, usually in widely-spaced registers, so that the higher chord sounds like harmonics of the lower one.

The first movement of the work, like the last, is continuously developing rather than duplicating classical sonata-forms, and introduces many of the main themes which return in the last movement. The second movement is a big Beethovenian scherzo which uses, in its trio, a literal quotation of the first movement's second subject group from Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 76 and confronts it with a plethora of dissonances which cannot shake it from serenely going about its own business. [Antony Hodgson, "The Music of Joseph Haydn: The Symphonies". London: The Tantivy Press (1976): 103. "What was it that prompted a living British composer to quote from the first movement of Symphony No. 76 in E flat? The composer in question—Robert Simpson—took this simple idea (a passage not even derived from the main theme) because of its innocence. It appears in the Trio section of Simpson's Fourth Symphony (1972) and from the composer's point-of-view is an important "motif"; the contrast of this innocent idea with what had gone before is instrumental in altering the nature of the reprise of the Scherzo."]

The third movement is one of Simpson's most lyrical slow movements, substituted for an original movement in which Simpson was unsatisfied with after the first few performances as he felt it did not convey a level of expression consistent with the rest of the symphony. There is a prominent part for cello solo in its opening pages which is deeply expressive in character.

The last movement continues to develop material from the first and is one of the most frankly optimistic closes to any symphony by the composer.

Discography

Currently, the only commercially available CD is a Hyperion Records release which also includes Symphony No. 2, both performed by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra conducted by Vernon Handley. [cite web|author=Andrew Jackson|title=Recordings and Reviews of Simpson's Works|accessdate=2008-07-06|url=http://members.aol.com/dmlovelock/simpson_recordings.htm]

Recent performances

The work's documented (?) recent performance history is brief, and consists of a (later broadcast) performance by the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Nicholas Kok in May 2001 [cite web|title=Simpson Performance Calendar|url=http://members.aol.com/dmlovelock/simpson_performance_calendar.htm|accessdate=2008-07-06|author=Andrew Jackson|year=2008] . This (same) performance was broadcast in 2007 as part of a complete Simpson Symphony cycle over BBC Radio 3 [cite web|title=British Symphony Series: Robert Simpson|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/afternoonperformance/pip/nlxmv/|accessdate=2008-07-06|date=2007-01-31|publisher=BBC] .

References