Kakekotoba

The Nihongo|Kakekotoba|掛詞| or pivot words are rhetorical devices used in Japanese poetry 31-syllable, Waka (poetry). This trope uses the phonetic reading of a grouping of Kanji (Chinese characters) to suggest several interpretations: first on the literal level (e.g. 松, "matsu", meaning "pine tree"), then on subsidiary homophonic levels (e.g. 待つ, "matsu", meaning "to wait"). Thus it is that many waka have pine trees waiting around for something. The presentation of multiple meanings inherent in a single word allows the poet a fuller range of artistic expression with an economical syllable-count. Such brevity is highly valued in Japanese aesthetics, where maximal meaning and reference are sought in a minimal number of syllables. Kakekotoba are generally written in the Japanese phonetic alphabet, Hiragana, so that the ambiguous senses of the word are more immediately apparent.

"History and Effects"

Pivot words are first used in Waka poetries from the Heian period. It is a technique devise to enrich the way of conveying a poem in a limited space. By finding the real meaning the poet inserted in the poem was the highest pleasure one can get from poetry at the time. The general pattern it follows is 1. Using the context of the sentence before the Kakekotoba and after it to create a new meaning. 2. The Kakekotoba is translated to two different meanings by itself. Sometimes it is also written in (懸詞) but (掛詞) is more common seen. Due to reason that it can be translated to different meaning, the Kakekotoba translation can sometime be meaningless by itself, and needs a context to bring out the meaning, which was not a problem considered in the Heian period.

"Examples"

"Kokin Wakashū" 571: Love 2
"Koishiki ni
"wabite tamashii
"madoinaba
"munashiki kara no
"na ni ya nokoramu

If in despair of love
my soul should wander,
am I to be remembered
as one who left
(a corpse) in vain?
-Anonymous

This poem from the Kokin Wakashū makes a pun that is translated explicitly in the English version. "Kara", here used as an auxiliary particle of causation, can also mean "empty shell" or "corpse" (since implied narrator's soul has left his body). Spelling this out in translation is the only way to express the pun to an English reader, but doing so destroys the subtlety that makes the original so poignant (TJL 161).


"Kokin Wakashū" 639 {From a poetry contest/Utawase}
"Akenu tote
"kaeru michi ni wa
"kokitarete
"ame mo namida mo
"furisohochitsutsu"

Dawn has come-
on the path home from love
I am drenched:
rainfall swelling
my falling tears
-Fujiwara no Toshiyuki

Although the mix-up of tears and rain is a bit trite in Japanese poetry, Toshiyuki creates a new beauty from old fragments through the unusual verb "kokitarete" (drenched) and the kakekotoba on "furisohochi" (meaning both "to fall" and "to soak through"). The kakekotoba is just one way through which poets are able to make endlessly unique and beautiful works of art despite working with a rather limited set of acceptable forms, styles, and references (TJL 163).


"Chikuba Kyoginshu" 227-228: Miscellaneous
"Shukke no soba ni
"netaru nyoubou
"Henjou ni
"kakusu Komachi ga
"utamakura"

"Beside the monk
"lies a lady
"Hidden from Henjou
"is Komachi's
"poem-pillow.
-Unknown

Though from a much later period (15th Century), this poem utilizes a brilliant multi-layered play on the literary term Utamakura ("poem-pillow"). An utamakura is a place-name that is described with set words and associated constantly with the same scenery, season, time of day, etc...; poets often kept notes of their favorite tropes of this sort. Two of the Six Poetic Immortals of the Kokin Wakashū era were the Priest Henjou and Ono no Komachi, who were reputed to be romantically involved despite their competition. The literary term utamakura is here being used for one of its literal constitutive words, "pillow," to imply that Henjou and Komachi were sleeping together. The poem is also referencing similar scenes in the Gosenshu and Yamato Monogatari. Kakekotoba, as this poem shows, are often humorous displays of the writer's wit (TJL 1157).

"Equivalents in other language"

Puns are common across the world, occurring in nearly every language with varying degrees of incorporation and attitude towards their use. The Japanese language, with its rather small set of possible sounds, particularly lends itself to homophone-tropes, a.k.a. puns or kakekotoba. The English writer and playwright Oscar Wilde was one of the most famous and adept employers of puns in his work, apparent for example in "The Importance of Being Earnest", the very title of which is a pun. In Homer's "Odyssey", the hero deceives the cyclops Polyphemus by telling him his name is "oud-eis", meaning "No-man" but also playing on his name. This is also similar to 雙關 in Chinese poetry, in addition to all sorts of daily conversation and commercial advertising. For example, 道是無(晴)還有(晴). The meaning on the suface of this line is whether it is sunny or not, but the author is impling whether it is love (情) or not. Both characters have same pronunciation though quite different meaning.

"For more related information"

掛詞 [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%9B%E8%A9%9E]

同音異義語 [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E7%95%B0%E7%BE%A9%E8%AA%9E]

引喩 [http://www.geocities.jp/balloon_rhetoric/example/allusion3.html]

しゃれ [http://www.geocities.jp/balloon_rhetoric/example/puns.html]

縁語 [http://www1.ocn.ne.jp/~montaro/waka/wakatech.html]

"Work Citing"

Japanese wikipedia on Kakekotoba. [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%9B%E8%A9%9E]

Zhivkova, Stella. "Figurative Elements in Koto and Bunraku Music and Their Analogues in Related Forms of Japanese Culture." Osaka University, Japan. [http://portal.unesco.org/culture/es/files/21752/10891248023zhivkova.pdf/zhivkova.pdf]

Shirane, Harou. "Traditional Japanese Literature." Columbia University, New York, 2007.

balloon_rhetoric. "A-play-on-words" [http://www.geocities.jp/balloon_rhetoric/example/a-play-on-words.html]

Lai Pei Kit. "Teacher Lai's Chinese classroom" [http://home.stlouis.edu.hk/~artlai/chinese016.htm]