Alice Hamilton

Alice Hamilton

Alice Hamilton (February 27,1869 – September 22,1970) was the first woman appointed to the faculty of Harvard University and was a leading expert in the field of occupational health. She was a pioneer in the field of toxicology, studying occupational illnesses and the dangerous effects of industrial metals and chemical compounds on the human body.

Biography

Alice Hamilton was born in 1869 to Montgomery Hamilton and Gertrude Hamilton (nee Pond), in Fort Wayne, Indiana. She was the second of four girls, all of whom remained close throughout their childhood and into their professional careers. Among her sisters was classicist Edith Hamilton. Alice was home schooled and completed her early education at Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut.

In 1893, she received her doctor of medicine degree from the University of Michigan Medical School, and then completed internships at the Minneapolis Hospital for Women and Children and the New England Hospital for Women and Children.

Hamilton traveled to Europe to study bacteriology and pathology at universities in Munich and Leipzig from 1895 to 1897. When she returned to the United States, she continued her postgraduate studies at the Johns Hopkins University Medical School. In 1897, she moved to Chicago, where she became a professor of pathology at the Woman's Medical School of Northwestern University.

Soon after moving to Chicago, Hamilton became a member and resident of Hull House, the settlement house founded by social reformer Jane Addams. Living side by side with the poor residents of the community, she became increasingly interested in the problems workers faced, especially occupational injuries and illnesses. The study of 'industrial medicine' (the illnesses caused by certain jobs) had become increasingly important since the Industrial Revolution of the late nineteenth century had led to new dangers in the workplace. In 1907, Hamilton began exploring existing literature from abroad, noticing that industrial medicine was not being studied much in America. She set out to change this, and in 1908 published her first article on the topic.

Impact

In 1910 Hamilton was appointed to the newly formed Occupational Diseases Commission of Illinois, the first such investigative body in the United States. For next decade she investigated a range of issues for a variety of state and federal health committees. She focused her explorations on occupational toxic disorders. Relying primarily on "shoe leather epidemiology," and the emerging laboratory science of toxicology, she pioneered occupational epidemiology and industrial hygiene in the United States. Her findings were scientifically persuasive and influenced reforms, both voluntary and regulatory, to improve the health of workers.

In 1919, Hamilton was hired as assistant professor in a new Department of Industrial Medicine at Harvard Medical School, making her the first woman appointed to the faculty there. A New York Tribune article celebrated the appointment with the dramatic headline: "A Woman on Harvard Faculty—The Last Citadel Has Fallen—The Sex Has Come Into Its Own," but Hamilton was still discriminated against as a woman, excluded from social activities and the all-male graduation processions.

From 1924 to 1930, she served as the only woman member of the League of Nations Health Committee. At the 1925 Tetraethyl lead conference in Washington D.C. Dr. Hamilton was the most prominent critic of adding tetraethyl lead to gasoline. She also returned to Hull House every year until Jane Addams's death in 1935.

After her retirement from Harvard in 1935, Hamilton served as a medical consultant to the U.S. Division of Labor Standards, and retained her connections to Harvard as professor emerita. She was included in the list of Men in Science in 1944 and received the Lasker Award in 1947. She died in 1970.

On February 27, 1987, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health dedicated its research facility as the "Alice Hamilton Laboratory for Occupational Safety and Health". The Institute also began giving a yearly "Alice Hamilton Award" to recognize excellent scientific research in the field. In 1995 her extensive contributions to public health were commemorated by a U.S. Postal Service's commemorative stamp. In 2002 Alice Hamilton was designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in recognition of her role in the development of occupational medicine.http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/hamilton/index.html]

References

*National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/awards/hamilton/HamHist.html Alice Hamilton History]
*National Library of Medicine. [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_137.html Dr Alice Hamilton, Biography]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/awards/hamilton/ Alice Hamilton Award] . Retrieved 2008-09-12

Further reading

*"Exploring the Dangerous Trades: The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, M.D." Northeastern University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-930350-81-2
* Barbara Sicherman; Alice Hamilton. "Alice Hamilton: A Life in Letters." Harvard University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-674-01553-3. Second publishing- University of Illinois Press, 2003. ISBN 0-252-07152-2.

External links

* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00031 Alice Hamilton Papers.] [http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles Schlesinger Library,] Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Alice Hamilton — Alice Hamilton, Doktor der Medizin, um 1920 Alice Hamilton (* 27. Februar 1869 in Fort Wayne, Indiana; † 22. September 1970 in Hartford, Connecticut) war eine US amerikanische Pathologin und Wegbereiterin für Sozialreformen …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Alice Hamilton — Dr. Alice Hamilton Alice Hamilton (27 février, 1869 22 septembre, 1970) a été la première femme nommée professeur de faculté à l’Université Harvard et a été chef de file dans le domaine de la santé et sécurité au travail. Elle a été pionnier dans …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Alice Hamilton — noun United States toxicologist known for her work on industrial poisons (1869 1970) • Syn: ↑Hamilton • Instance Hypernyms: ↑toxicologist …   Useful english dictionary

  • Alice Hamitlon — Alice Hamilton Dr. Alice Hamilton Alice Hamilton (27 février, 1869 22 septembre, 1970) a été la première femme nommée professeur de faculté à l’Université Harvard et a été chef de file dans le domaine de la santé et sécurité au travail. Elle a… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Hamilton (Familienname) — Hamilton ist ein englischer Familienname. Herkunft und Bedeutung Der Name ist vom Ortsnamen Hamilton abgeleitet, also ein Herkunftsname. Bekannte Namensträger Inhaltsverzeichnis A B C D E F G H I J K L M …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Hamilton, Edith — born Aug. 12, 1867, Dresden, Saxony died May 31, 1963, Washington, D.C., U.S. U.S. scholar and educator. Born in Germany of American parents, Hamilton grew up in Fort Wayne, Ind., U.S. She graduated from Bryn Mawr College and at age 29 headed its …   Universalium

  • Alice (télésuite) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Alice. Alice Titre original Alice Genre Télésuite de science fiction Créateur(s) Nick Willing Production …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Alice (given name) — Infobox Given Name Revised name = Alice imagesize=200px caption=Alice s Adventures in Wonderland, illustrated by John Tenniel, is an inspiration for the popularity of the name Alice. pronunciation= gender = meaning = Of nobility region = origin …   Wikipedia

  • Hamilton (people) — Scots and Irish Nobility= *Duke of Hamilton :Surname Douglas Hamilton . For Dukes of Hamilton and of Brandon, Marquesses of Hamilton and Clydesdale, Earls of Arran, Lanark and Cambridge, Lords Hamilton, Aven, Innerdale, Polmont, Machansyre and… …   Wikipedia

  • Hamilton — noun 1. Irish mathematician (1806 1865) • Syn: ↑William Rowan Hamilton, ↑Sir William Rowan Hamilton • Instance Hypernyms: ↑mathematician 2. United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish …   Useful english dictionary

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”