PHASE 2

:"This article is about the graffiti artist. For information on clinical trials, see Phase II clinical trials".

PHASE 2 (aka Lonny Wood)George, [http://books.google.com/books?id=E1XR7Fz-7gIC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=%22phase+2%22+%22lonny+wood%22&source=web&ots=5ibIXPEez4&sig=aM2WlV-zfsPPDg5DoVeACetYkE4 p10] .] is one of the most influential and well known New York City graffiti artists of the 1970s. He is generally credited with originating the "bubble letter" style of graffiti writing, also known as "softies."cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =History, Subway Writing, 1969-89 | work = | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.subwayoutlaws.com/History/History.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-20 ] He was also influential in the early hip-hop scene.

Graffiti career

While a number of early New York graffiti writers were Puerto Ricans from upper Manhattan, Phase 2 is an African American from the Bronx. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School along with a number of other early graffiti artists. Many famous graffiti writers of the early 1970s would meet at a doughnut shop across from the school called the Coffee Shop before heading down to the subway station at 149th Street and Grand Concourse to watch tagged trains on the IRT line pass by. [Castleman, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FFSD-UOkI54C&pg=RA1-PA85&vq=grand+concourse&dq=Getting+Up:+Subway+Graffiti+in+New+York&sig=E6fNdsk_11EBTmyttdNaoNdECb4 p85] .] Phase 2 was mentored in graffiti by his friend and neighbor Thomas Lee aka Lee 163rd, one of the pioneers of graf writing in the Bronx.

He began writing in late 1971 under the name Phase 2, a moniker which had a rather mundane provenance. As Phase 2 would later recall, "the previous year we'd given this party. We were getting ready to give another one and I said, 'We'll call this one Phase Two.' I don't know why, but I was stuck on the name. It had meaning for me. I started writing 'Phase 2.'" [cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =GrAfFiTi | work = | publisher = | date = | url =http://members.tripod.com/~khaoscru/graf.html | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-21 ]

Part of the appeal of graffiti writing for Phase 2 was that it allowed him to get his "name" known yet remain anonymous.cite web | last =Maizels | first =John | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Writer of the Storm | work = | publisher =Raw Vision | date = | url =http://www.rawvision.com/back/phase2/phase2.html | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-21 ] He noted later that tagging provided disadvantaged urban teens "the only significant vehicle to represent their 'existence.'" [cite journal | last =Christen | first =Richard | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Hip Hop Learning: Graffiti as an Educator of Urban Teenagers | journal =Educational Foundations | volume = | issue = | pages = | date =Fall 2003 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3971/is_200310/ai_n9330100/pg_4 | doi = | id = | accessdate =2007-09-21 ]

It was in late 1972 that Phase 2 first used an early version of the "bubble letter" or "softie," a style of graffiti writing which would become extremely influential and is considered a "giant leap" in the art form. The puffed-out, marshmallow-like letters drawn by Phase 2 were soon copied by other artists who added their own variations. Phase himself quickly embellished on his original form, creating and naming dozens of varieties of softies such as "phasemagorical phantastic" (bubble letters with stars), "bubble cloud," and "bubble drip." [Castleman, [http://books.google.com/books?id=FFSD-UOkI54C&pg=RA1-PA56&sig=IajqQjm_KZxSh9JFW5C6RUL8paU p56] .] He is also credited with pioneering the use of arrows in graf writing around this same time. [cite web | last =Woodward | first =Jason Dax | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =How to read Graffiti | work = | publisher = | date =1999-06-13 | url =http://www.team183.com/html/kasinomasterpaper/paper.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-21 ] Hip-hop journalist Jeff Chang has noted that Phase 2's canvasses from 1973 have "been widely recognized as defining the early genre."Chang, [http://books.google.com/books?id=DCNC_qGcgkgC&pg=PA153&sig=-krOX7Kbl1S-nr2YnV2wqG70-H0 p153] .]

Over time Phase's work become more and more complex, moving far away from the simple tags of the early 70s to "hieroglyphical calligraphic abstraction." Chang points out that much of Phase's work involved "deconstructing the letter," transforming characters in the alphabet "into hard lines, third eyes, horns, drills, spikes, Egyptian pharoahs and dogs, pure geometrics." Another New York graffiti artist, Vulcan, remarked that "one of the things about Phase is that he was the only person at the time whose name could roll by ten times and each piece was different. That's what you noticed about his [work] ."

In 1974 Phase 2 joined the newly created United Graffiti Artists, a professional graffiti collective which began to attract media attention. He was featured in an important essay on graffiti art by Richard Goldstein which appeared in "New York" magazine and inspired a new generation of graffiti artists.

In the 1980s, Phase 2 began publishing "International Graffiti Times", the first zine about graffiti writing. [cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Graffiti Glossary | work = | publisher =Graffiti.org | date = | url =http://www.graffiti.org/faq/graffiti.glossary.html | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-21 ]

Influence in hip-hop

Unlike some other pioneers of New York City graffiti, Phase 2 had a prominent role in the South Bronx hip-hop scene in the early 1980s. He also continues to be referenced in hip-hop songs.

Phase participated in the legendary hip-hop shows organized by Kool Lady Blue during the summer of 1982 at the Roxy nightclub in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. These shows brought together the top DJ's, MC's, breakers, and graffiti artists from the South Bronx and introduced hip-hop music and culture to the downtown punk and new wave scenes. Phase 2 designed the flyers for these events and often did graffiti pieces live on stage. [Chang, 174.] He was also part of the first "international" hip-hop tour when stars from the Roxy performances toured in England and France in November of that year. [Chang, 182-84.]

Phase 2 was one of the few graffiti artists to be involved in the musical side of hip-hop culture as well. He had a background as a DJ in the very early days of hip-hop, though he never made a name for himself in that role.cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Interview with Phase 2 | work = | publisher = | date = | url =http://adammansbach.com/other/phase.html | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-21 ] In 1982, as part of his involvement with the Roxy scene, Phase released two rap singles. "Beach Boy" was a collaboration with Barry Michael Cooper, who would later co-write the script for New Jack City. "The Roxy" featured the Bill Laswell-led group Material and Grandmixer D.ST, though Phase 2 would later remark that he was disappointed in the song and felt that it "wasn't done properly." [cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =The Bill Laswell Discography, 1982 | work = | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.turning-groove.de/DiscoLaswell1982.html | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-20 ]

Phase was also an early b-boy and claims that his dance crew pioneered the uprock (or "battle rock") style of dance despite claims that it originated in Brooklyn. He was thus actively involved in all of the traditional "four elements" of hip-hop culture.

Though he did not have a role in the production, Phase 2 did apparently influence the classic early hip-hop movie "Wild Style". In the DVD commentary for the film, director Charlie Ahearn explained that, when thinking about the key character named "Phade," he had Phase 2 in mind (either to actually play the part or simply as a model) because Phase was a legendary graffiti writer from the past who was also involved in the hip-hop scene, as was the character of Phade. The role would ultimately be played by Fab 5 Freddy, himself a graffiti artist who along with Ahearn was the major creative force behind "Wild Style". Phase 2 did take on an official role in another early hip-hop film when he worked as a graffiti consultant on the 1984 movie "Beat Street". [cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Beat Street (1984) | work = | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.fast-rewind.com/ | format = | doi = | accessdate =2007-09-20 Click on link for "Beat Street" on the left side of the page.]

In his 1995 song "Out for Fame" - an homage to graffiti artists and culture - KRS-One implores his audience "in the name of Phase 2" and fellow Bronx graffiti legend Stay High to "grab your cans and hit the streets." Several years later Mos Def mentioned Phase 2 on his widely respected debut album Black on Both Sides, specifically on the track "Hip Hop," in which he noted that hip-hop itself was "all city like Phase 2" - presumably a reference to the ubiquity of Phase 2's graffiti pieces on trains throughout the city during the early 1970s. He is also referenced in the song "Deadlight" by El-P on Chocolate Industries' "Urban Renewal Program" compilation album ("...that's like commissioning Phase2 to paint a one-color stick figure.")

References

Works cited

* George, Nelson cite book | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Buppies, B-boys, Baps & Bohos: Notes on Post-Soul Black Culture | work = | publisher = Da Capo Press | date =2001 | forat = | doi = | isbn = 0306810271 | author = Nelson George
* Chang, Jeff (2005). "Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation". Picador. ISBN 0312425791.
*

External links

* [http://adammansbach.com/other/phase.html Adam Mansbach interview with PHASE 2]
* [http://www.rawvision.com/back/phase2/phase2.html "Writer of the Storm," Raw Vision interview with PHASE 2]