Ambroise Louis Garneray

Ambroise Louis Garneray (February 19, 1783- September 11, 1857) French corsair, painter and writer. He served under Robert Surcouf and Jean-Marie Dutertre, and was held prisoner by the British for eight years.

Biography

Early life

Garneray was born in Paris (on Rue Saint-Andre-des-arts, in the Latin Quarter) on February 9 1783. He was the elder son of Jean-François Garneray (1755 - 1837), painter of the king, who was pupil of Jacques-Louis David. At thirteen, he joined the Navy as a seaman, encouraged by his cousin, Beaulieu-Leloup, commander of "La Forte" ("the Stout one"). Garneray sailed from Rochefort to the Indian Ocean with the frigate division under Sercey, to which the "Forte" belonged.

Garneray took part in the various campaigns of Sercey division and witnessed the hardship it met in the battle against "Arrogant" and "Victorious". He then served in 1798 on the corvette "Brûle Gueule" ("Mouth burner"), which patrolled with the frigate "Preneuse" ("the Taker"). Returning from this campaign, the "Brûle Gueule" and "Preneuse" were chased by a British squadron comprising two ships of the line, one frigate and one corvette; the French flew into a creek near Black River whose shallow waters prevented the British from pursuing. The next day, the British squadron attacked; the French had established strong defensive positions by installing the unusable batteries of their ships ashore, and repulsed away the British squadron.

In 1799, Garneray was promoted to quartermaster and “first painter of the edge” on the " Preneuse " under captain Jean-Matthieu-Adrien Lhermitte. The frigate was the last French official force in the Indian Ocean. This patrol went into trouble, in spite of an exceptional combat against the British ship of the line the "Jupiter". Returning to Mauritius, her crew suffered from scurvy, and the "Preneuse" had to be kept quarantined and had to return to the British forces making the blockade of the island. Garneray escaped captivity by regaining the coast with the stroke. In spite of the disaster, Garneray kept longstanding admiration and friendship for to Lhermitte, whom he would continue to visit until his death 1826.

in October 1800. It was the only time where Garneray made money as a sailor. Upon returning from patrol, he invested his share in a slave trading ship, "l'Union", on which he was a first mate. He sailed on various trading ships during the peace of Amiens, after which he served aboard the " Pinson " ("the Finch"), a cutter based in Île Bourbon. He replaced the commander when he deceased, and was shipwrecked shortly thereafter. He then served on the corsair "Tigre du Bengale" and eventually on the frigate "Atalante" attached to the squadron of Linois. He later served on the "Belle Poule" ("beautiful chick"), and was aboard when she was captured by the British in March 1806. Wounded, Garneray was led in England and spent the eight following years on prison hulks off Portsmouth (on the "Protée", the "Couronne" ("Crown") and the "Vengeance". He was able to improve his standard of living by selling paintings to a British merchant.

A statement attributed to him goes: "But for piracy, I believe that I practiced about all kinds of navigation".

Life as a painter

Released on May 18 1814, Garneray did not not find employment in the commercial navy and remained in Paris where he devoted himself to painting. Probably thanks to one of his brothers, himself painter and engraver and who knew people in the entourage of Napoleon, he received his first official order: the meeting of " l'Inconstant " and the " Zéphir ", as an anecdote of the return from Elba. The work was carried out only in 1834 as, because of the political climate of the Bourbon Restoration, he felt it more convenient to paint the "Descent of the French emigrants at Quiberon", which was exhibited at the Autumn Salon in 1815. Garneray attended the salon every year from then.

Garneray came to be employed by the duke of Angouleme, then Grand Admiral of France, and became his appointed painter in 1817. He was in fact the first peintre officiel de la Marine ("official painter of the Navy"). Between 1821 and 1830, he went in many harbours of France where he made numerous sketches which were used as a basis for engravings or fabrics.

In 1833, he was made director of the museum of Rouen. He later joined the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres. In the 1830s he developed a new genre of painting, the aquatint, and also developed a major career of engraving. In 1840s, his fame seems to have dimmed; he lost most of his political supporters and fell into poverty. By the time of Napoleon III, he took part in the failed coup d'État of Strasbourg. He experienced a short return of glory towards the beginning of the Second French Empire, as he was awarded the Legion of honour in 1852 by vice admiral Bergeret and the Emperor himself.

Developing a tremor which prevented him from writing and which complicated his work as a painter, he died in Paris in 1857, a few months only before his wife was mysteriously assassinated. Garneray was buried at the Montmartre cemetery: A close friend of his had the tombstone decorated with a painter's palette, a ship mast and the Legion of Honour.

Paintings

The pictorial work of Garneray comprises 141 oil paintings, 176 engravings and 22 watercolour paintings. Part of his work was inspired by his adventurous life, such as "the capture of Kent by Surcouf"; others were made as "peintre officiel de la Marine", in continuation of the works of Claude Joseph Vernet and Nicolas Ozanne. Most notably, he realised 64 sights of French harbours and 40 sights of foreign harbours (engravings), following the journeys he accomplished in the 1820s. Some of the paintings were given to the Paris Chamber of Commerce by the industrialist Meunier.

His two brothers Hippolyte and Auguste, like his sister Pauline, also practised painting to a lesser extent. That explains the variations of signatures (sometimes Garneray, sometimes Garnerey), which were to distinguish the painters of the family.

In literature

Garneray's depictions were mentioned in Herman Melville's novel "Moby-Dick":

Literary works by Garneray

Garneray wrote epic depictions of his adventures, becoming one of the precursors of the maritime novel of adventure.

During his stay in Rouen, he published articles about his sailing and captivity days. He offered these texts to the Ministry of Education in 1847 "for edification of the youth", which politely rebuffed him. His posthumous celebrity stems from the fad of more or less apocryphal memoirs of combatants of Revolution and of Empire which became popular in the 1860s. Garneray's memoirs were published in three volumes as "Aventures et Combats". They are suspected to have been at least partly rewriten by professional writers, notably Édouard Corbière, introducing spectacular but irrealistic elements:
* Lhermitte being poisonined in Mauritius, a thesis often repeated in biographies of Lhermitte; in fact, from 1798 until his death, he suffered from a tropical disease, probably an acute form of Malaria.
* the obfuscated story of Kernau's death
* Garneray being personally involved in incidents which he probably described without being an actor, like the shipwreck of the "Amphitrite"

Hence, his memoirs are not considered to be a serious historical source. However,"Sentant fort le goudron" and "Mes Pontons" do constitute testimonies of everyday life in the navy of the time.

Various versions were published as
* " Corsaire de la République ", Voyages, adventures and combat, Paris, Phébus, 1984; Rééd. Payot, 1991
* " Le Négrier de Zanzibar ", Voyages, adventures and combat, Paris, Phébus, 1985; Rééd. Payot, 1992
* " Un Corsaire au bagne. Mes pontons ", Paris, Phébus, 1985; Rééd. Payot, 1992
* " Un Corsaire de quinze ans ",
* " Un Marin de Surcouf "
* " Les Naufragés du Saint Antoine "

References

* Laurent Manoeuvre, "Louis Garneray, peintre, écrivain, aventurier ", Anthèse editions, 1980