Jaga (people)

The Jaga or Jagas were terms applied by the Portuguese to invading bands of African warriors east and south of the kingdom of Kongo. The use of the phrase took on different connotations depending on where it was applied. There were two groups of people, both known for fierce warriors, that were dubbed as "jagas" or "the jaga". Unbeknownst to the Portuguese who encountered these warriors, the two groups were practically unrelated.

The "Jaga" Question

In the seventeenth century there were a number of theories proposed by missionaries and geographers that connected these two groups to other maurading groups operating as far afield as Somalia, Angola and Sierra Leone and ultimately to some great "Jaga homeland" somewhere in central Africa. While more recent scholarship dismissed these earlier claims, in the 1960s a number proposed that oral traditions of the Lunda Empire, when compared with those of some Angolan groups suggested that the Jaga invasion of Kongo and the Jagas of Angola were in fact groups of conquerors fleeing from Lunda in the sixteenth century.

In 1972, Joseph C. Miller successfully argued by presenting an overview of all the evidence, that the group that invaded Kongo was completely distinct from the group invading Angola, and that the second group should properly be called "Imbangala". This distinction is now very widely accepted by all scholars operating in this field.

Yaka Jagas

The Portuguese first learned about a people they called "jagas" during Kongo's 1556 war with the Mbundu kingdom of Ndongo. [Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: "Medieval Africa, 1250-1800", page 172. Cambridge University Press, 2001] Among Ndongo's regular forces were mercenary warriors of the Yaka ethnic group. The Yaka had a reputation for ferocity and were said to come from the far interior. They inhabited the middle reaches of the Kwango valley, making them the eastern neighbors to the Mbundu and BaKongo. [Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: "Medieval Africa, 1250-1800", page 172. Cambridge University Press, 2001] These particular "jagas" were constant victims of the Kongo slave traid and eventually invaded their western neighbor in 1568. [Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: "Medieval Africa, 1250-1800", page 173. Cambridge University Press, 2001] This forced the Portuguese to intervene with some 600 matchlockmen on hehalf of then king Alvaro I. [Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: "Medieval Africa, 1250-1800", page 173. Cambridge University Press, 2001] Though forced completely out of Kongo by the mid 1570s, they continued to be a force on the border. They later exported many mercenary troops to Kongo during its civil war.

Imbangala Jagas

The Portuguese also encountered another fierce warrior people, this time further south beyond the Kwanza River. The actual name of these people was Imbangala. The origins of these people is still debated, but they are also believed to have immigrated from the Lunda Empire rejecting that states political changes. [Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: "Medieval Africa, 1250-1800", page 175. Cambridge University Press, 2001] The Imbangala were known to be notoriously cruel and also ritually cannibalistic. [Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: "Medieval Africa, 1250-1800", page 175. Cambridge University Press, 2001] They were used to good effect as mercenary elements in the Portuguese army during its conquest of Angola. Once introduced into central Angola, the Imbangala settled forming the kingdom of Kasanje on the Kwango River. [Oliver, Roland and Anthony Atmore: "Medieval Africa, 1250-1800", page 177. Cambridge University Press, 2001]

References

ee also

*Kingdom of Kongo
*Yaka
*Lunda Empire
*Imbangala
*Kasanze
*History of Angola