Taika (era)

.Tisingh, I. (1834). "Annales des empereurs du Japon," p. 48.]

Change of era

*; 645: The new era name was created to mark the beginning of the reign of the emperor Kōtoku. The previous era ended and the new one commenced in the fourth year after the beginning of Empress Kōgyoku's reign.

Events of the "Taika" era

* "Taika1" 645): Empress Kōgyoku abdicates; and her brother receives the succession (‘‘senso’’). Shortly thereafter, Emperor Kōtoku formally accedes to the throne (‘‘sokui’’). [Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki," p. 44. [A distinct act of "senso" is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have "senso" and "sokui" in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.] ]
* "Taika 1" 645): Kōtoku introduces the nihongo|Taika reform|大化の改新| "Taika no kaishin". The ideas and goals of this nihongo|systemic reform|律令|"ritsuryō" were memorialized in a series of articles which formally bore the imprimatur of the emperor. Kōtoku officially divided Japan into eight provinces. The Taika reforms also sought to regulate the rank of government officials who were to be distinguished by 19 sorts of official hats or caps with differing forms and different colors according to a very strictly-defined hierarchy. [see above] ]
* Taika 1 (645): Kōtoku decides to abandon Asuka, which had been the capital city up to this time. Instead, he transferred the capital to Naniwa, which is in the general vicinity of the Bay of Osaka. In this new location, Kōtoku centralized his power without further delay. Kōtoku lived in a palace which had been newly constructed for him on a promontory. The name of this palace was Toyosaki-no-Miya. The palace was at Nagara, in the general area of Naniwa in Settsu province.Brown, Delmer "et al." (1979). "Gukanshō," p. 266] [http://www.city.osaka.jp/english/for_tourists/c_historical_overview.html -- history at the municipal web site of Osaka]
* Taika 2, on the 1st day of the 1st month (646): Kōtoku established a regular calendar for the court, with major audiences scheduled only on certain days. The emperor also addressed a number of matters which would affect all parts of Japan -- as for example, creating judicial districts, establishing guard posts on major roads, arranging for postal relay systems, dividing the country in governable units with separations following the natural boundaries created by mountains and rivers, appointing governors for each province, and fixing the amounts porters might be able to charge. Kōtoku named the chiefs in the districts and the villages; and for the first time, it became possible to register the number of houses and the numbers of people in each location, the taxes to be exacted from each area and the varying products from throughout the land. He also mandated that from every hundred households, one beautiful young woman should be sent for service in the palace household. He arranged that in each year, an officer from the central court should be sent to each province to examine the conduct of the governors and their government. The emperor also initiated plans for building storehouses of goods and arsenals which would serve the needs of a national army or militia. [see above] ] The "udaijin" Sogo Yamada Ishikawa Maro was specifically charged with the task of planning so that all the faults that could be attributed to mistakes of government would not happen -- or could be mitigated. This was also a time in which the greater part of the rules of etiquette and customs of the court were revised or contrived. Naka-no Ōe"-shinnō" and the "sesshō" Nakatomi-no Kamatari counseled these and other measures intended to make Japan a better and stronger country.Brown, p. 266; Titsingh, p. 49.]

* Taika 5, on the 7th day of the third month (649): The "sadaijin" Abe no Kurahashi Maro died. [see above] ]
* Taika 5, in the 3rd month (649): Sogo-no Kiyouga, the younger brother of the "udaijin" Soga Yamada Ishikawa Maro, informed the emperor that his older brother was involved in a conspiracy against the emperor. On the basis of this information, Kōtoku sent men to the "udaijin"'s home with plans to put the traitor to death. Yamada somehow learned about this in advance, and he then decided to kill himself. Shortly thereafter, after Yamada's innocence had been proven, the surviving brother, Kiyouga, was punished. For his part in misleading the emperor and in causing the "udaijin" to kill himself, Kiyouga was exiled to Tokachi on the northern island of Hokkaidō, which was a largely unpopulated wilderness at that time. [see abpve] ]

* Taika 5, on the 20th day of the 4th month (649): Kose no Toko no Ō-omi (593-658) was named "sadaijin" shortly after his predecessor died. [see above] ]

* Taika 5, in the 4th month (649): Ōtomo Nagatoko no Muraji was made "udaijin". [see above] ]

* Taika 5 (649): In this year, the Emperor decreed the establishment of a new system of government, (the "hasshō hyakkan"), which was composed of eight ministries and 100 bureaus. [Varley, p. 133; Titsingh, p. 49.]

* Taika 6 (650): The "Hakuchi" era began in the sixth year of the 'Taika" era. The daimyo of Nagato province brought a white pheasant to the court as a gift for the emperor. This white pheasant was then construed as a good omen. Emperor Kōtoku was extraordinarily pleased by this special avian rarity, and he wanted the entire court to see this white bird for themselves. He commanded a special audience in which he could formally invite the "sadaijin" and the "udaijin" to join him in admiring the rare bird; and on this occasion, the emepror caused the nengō to be changed to Hakuchi (meaning "white pheasant"). [Titsingh, p. 49.]

References

* Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien, c. 1220] , "Gukanshō; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida." Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
* Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652] . "Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ... Click link for digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)]
* Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359] , "Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley)." New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4

External links

* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]