Ulisse Aldrovandi

Infobox Scientist
name = Ulisse Aldrovandi
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caption = Ulisse Aldrovandi
birth_date = 11 September 1522
birth_place = Bologna
death_date = 4 May 1605
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nationality = Italian
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field = naturalist
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Ulisse Aldrovandi (11 September 1522 - 4 May 1605) was an Italian naturalist, the moving force behind Bologna's botanical garden, one of the first in Europe. Carolus Linnaeus and the comte de Buffon reckoned him the father of natural history studies. He is usually referred to, especially in older literature, as Aldrovandus.

Early life and education

Aldrovandi was born in Bologna to a noble family, which sent him to apprentice with merchants, but he found his vocation, after studying humanities and law at the universities of Bologna and Padua and becoming a notary. Successively his interests went out to philosophy and logic which he combined with the study of medicine.

He obtained a degree in medicine and philosophy in 1553 and started teaching logic and philosophy in 1554 at the University of Bologna. In 1559 he became professor of philosophy and in 1561 he became the first professor of natural sciences at Bologna ("lectura philosophiae naturalis ordinaria de fossilibus, plantis et animalibus").

Arrest for heresy

In June of 1549 he was accused and arrested for heresy, for espousing the anti-trinitarian beliefs of the Anabaptist Camillo Renato. By September he had published an abjuration, but was transferred to Rome, and remained in custody or house arrest till absolved in April 1550. During this time he befriended many local scholars. While in semi-captivity there he became more and more interested in botanics, zoology and geology (apparently he can be credited for the invention/first written record of this word). From 1551 onward, he organized a variety of expeditions to the Italian mountains, countryside, islands, and coasts in order to collect and catalogue plants.

Natural history work

In the course of his life he would assemble one of the most spectacular cabinets of curiosities, his "theatre" illuminating natural history comprising some 7000 specimens of the "diversità di cose naturali", of which he wrote a description in 1595. Between 1551 and 1554 he organised several expeditions to collect plants for a herbarium, among the first botanizing expeditions. Eventually his herbarium contained aboiut 4760 dried specimens on 4117 sheets in sixteen volumes, preserved at the University of Bologna. He also had various artists, including Jacopo Ligozzi, Giovanni Neri, and Cornelio Schwindt, make illustrations of specimens.

Botanic garden

At his demand and under his direction a public botanic garden was created in Bologna in 1568, now the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna. Due to a dispute on the composition of a popular medicine with the pharmacists and doctors of Bologna in 1575 he was suspended from all public position for five years. In 1577 he sought the aid of pope Gregory XIII (a cousin of his mother) who wrote to the authorities of Bologna to reinstate Aldrovandi in his public offices and request financial aid to help him publish his books.

Collections

His vast collections in botany and zoology he willed to the Senate of Bologna; until 1742 the collections were conserved in the Palazzo Pubblico, then in the Palazzo Poggi, but were distributed among various libraries and institutions in the course of the nineteenth century. In 1907 a representative part were reunited at Palazzo Poggi, Bologna, where the 400th anniversary of his death was memorialized in a celebrative exhibition in 2005.

List of works

Of the several hundred books and essays he wrote, only a handful were published during his lifetime:

*"Ornithologiae, hoc est de avibus historia libri XII" (1599) [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=273855 Digitized version]
*"Ornithologiae tomus alter" (1600) [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=234603 Digitized version]
*"De animalibus insectis libri septem, cum singulorum iconibus ad vivum expressis" (1602) [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=265185 Digitized version]
*"Ornithologiae tomus tertius, ac postremus" (1603) [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=273391 Digitized version]
*"Historia serpentum et draconum" (1640) - Natural History of Snakes and Dragons
* [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/colbrowse/?DC=zoologica GDZ digital versions of some of Aldrovandi's works]
*"Antidotarii Bononiensis, siue de vsitata ratione componendorum, miscendorumque medicamentorum, epitome (1574) [http://amshistorica.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=128 Digitized version]
*"De piscibus libri 5. et De cetis lib. vnus. Ioannes Cornelius Vteruerius ... collegit. Hieronymus Tamburinus in lucem edidit ... Cum indice copiosissimo (1608) [http://amshistorica.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=17 Digitized version]
*"De reliquis animalibus exanguibus libri quatuor, post mortem eius editi: nempe de mollibus, crustaceis, testaceis, et zoophytis (1606) [http://amshistorica.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=18 Digitized version]
*"Dendrologiae naturalis scilicet arborum historiae libri duo sylua glandaria, acinosumq. pomarium vbi eruditiones omnium generum vna cum botanicis doctrinis ingenia quaecunque non parum iuuant, et oblectant. Ouidius Montalbanus (1668) [http://amshistorica.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=24 Digitized version]
*"Monstrorum historia cum Paralipomenis historiae omnium animalium. Bartholomaeus Ambrosinus ... labore, et studio volumen composuit. Marcus Antonius Bernia in lucem edidit. Proprijs sumptibus ... cum indice copiosissimo (1658) [http://amshistorica.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=127 Digitized version]
*"Musaeum metallicum in libros 4 distributum Bartholomaeus Ambrosinus ... labore, et studio composuit cum indice copiosissimo. (1648) [http://amshistorica.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=133 Digitized version]
*"Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia. Ioannes Cornelius Vteruerius Belga colligere incaepit. Thomas Dempsterus Baro a Muresk Scotus i.c. perfecte absoluit. Hieronymus Tamburinus in lucem edidit ... Cum indice copiosissimo (1621) [http://amshistorica.cib.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=129 Digitized version]

Honors

* The wrinkle-ridge "Dorsa Aldrovandi" on the Moon is named after him.
* The Civico Orto Botanico "Ulisse Aldrovandi" in San Giovanni in Persiceto is named in his honor.

External links

* [http://www.filosofia.unibo.it/aldrovandi/default.htm Homepage of the Aldrovandi museum in Bologna]
* [http://www.strangescience.net/aldrovandi.htm Michon Scott, "Ulisse Aldrovandi"]
* [http://www.centenarioaldrovandi.org/aldrovandi.html "Celebrazione per il IV centenario..."] (in Italian)
* [http://www.dipbot.unict.it/Erbario/erbari_es.html "Erbari essicati"]
* [http://amshistorica.cib.unibo.it/diglib/collection.php?set=aldr:stamp&title=Ulisse%20Aldrovandi.%20Opere%20a%20stampa AMS Historica - Università di Bologna: Ulisse Aldrovandi]
* [http://www.braquedubourbonnais.info/Dessin-Drawing/Aldrovandi.htm Braque du Bourbonnais by Aldrovandi]

Further reading

* cite encyclopedia
last = Castellani
first = Carlo
title = Ulisse Aldrovandi
encyclopedia = Dictionary of Scientific Biography
volume = 1
pages = 108-110
publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
location = New York
date = 1970
isbn = 0684101149