- 1988 Spitak earthquake
Earthquake
title=1988 Spitak earthquake
date=December 7 1988
magnitude = 10-11 In the Soviet Union, the method of recording the magnitude of earthquakes was different that the more commonly usedRichter Scale . The earthquake in Spitak, as defined in theSoviet Encyclopedia , fell between "annihilating" to "catastrophe" which scored as a 10 or an 11 on the Soviet scale. A "10" was described as "great cracks in the earth. Landslides and avalanches" whereas an "11" was described as "wide cracks in the earth. Many landslides and avalanches. Stone houses completely destroyed." For more information on the Soviet grading scale, see Yuri Rost's "The Armenian Tragedy". New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990, 193 ISBN 0-3120-4611-1.]
depth=
location= coord|40.50|N|44.16|E
countries affected =Leninakan ,Spitak , flagicon|Armenian SSRArmenian SSR
casualties = At least 25,000 dead cite book |title=A History of Modern Russia: From Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin |last=Service |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Service |year=2003 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=067401801X |pages=468-469]The Spitak Earthquake (also called Leninakan Earthquake and Gyumri Earthquake) was a tremor with a
magnitude of 6.9, [National Geophysical Data Center . [http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_1=11&t=101634&s=0&d=3&d=33 Earthquake Damage, the Armenian SSR, December 7, 1988] . RetrievedJuly 30 ,2008 .] that took place onDecember 7 ,1988 at 11:41 local time (07:41 UTC) in theSpitak region ofArmenia , then part of theSoviet Union . The earthquake killed at least 25,000 people; geologists and experts laid the blame on the poorly built support structures of apartments and other buildings built during the "stagnation" era ofLeonid Brezhnev .Brand, David. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956559,00.html Soviet Union: When the Earth Shook] .Time Magazine .December 19 ,1988 . RetrievedJuly 30 ,2008 .]Despite the tensions of the
Cold War , Soviet leaderMikhail Gorbachev formally asked theUnited States , within a few days of the earthquake, for humanitarian help, the first such request since World War II. Countries from the West, includingGreat Britain ,France ,West Germany ,Italy , andSwitzerland , sent a substantial amount of humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union in the form of rescue equipment, search teams and medical supplies.The earthquake
[
Gyumri after the earthquake] Local housing infrastructure (particularlyschool s andhospital s) performed poorly in theearthquake and this resulted in 20,000 lost lives. It has been estimated that if theearthquake had occurred 5 minutes later, children would have left their schools' unstable buildings. This short time delay could have saved many lives.The entire city of
Spitak was destroyed, and there was partial damage to the nearby cities ofGyumri andVanadzor . The tremor also caused damage to many surrounding villages. TheMetsamor Nuclear Power Plant was also closed down due to the earthquake.Since most of the hospitals in the area were destroyed, and due to extremely low winter temperatures, officials at all levels were not ready for a disaster of this scale and the relief effort was therefore not launched properly. The Armenian government let in foreign aid workers to help with the recovery in the earthquake's aftermath, and this was one of the first cases when rescue and relief workers from other countries were allowed to take part in relief works in the Soviet Union.
Mikhail Gorbachev , on a visit to the United States, cut his trip short and went directly to Armenia to visit the quake-affected areas.Contributions poured in from around the world to help the earthquake victims through the winter and to rebuild much of the housing. Spitak was totally rebuilt in a location next to the previous town, with many neighborhoods having very distinct architecture reflecting the country which donated or built the homes there. A [http://www.dcmemorials.com/index_indiv0000880.htm monument] expressing the appreciation of the Armenian people for assistance from the U.S. was erected in Washington D.C. in 1990.
Causes
The region in which the
earthquake occurred is part of a broadseismic area, which stretches fromTurkey to the Arabia Sea. Here, the Arabian landmass is slowly colliding with the Eurasian plate. The earthquake occurred along a smallthrust fault , directly underSpitak . During the earthquake, the northeast-facing side of the Spitak section rode up and over thesouthwest -facing side. [" [http://welcome.warnercnr.colostate.edu/avprojects/98proj/world_volc/web_docs/armenia.html "Armenia Earthquake of 1988"] " Retrieved 7th February 2008]Despite the fact the earthquake was only of a moderate size, measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale, there were various factors contributing to the large scale magnitude and destruction that followed. These included the time of day, freezing winter temperatures, poor soil conditions and inadequate building construction. [" [http://welcome.warnercnr.colostate.edu/avprojects/98proj/world_volc/web_docs/armenia.html "Armenia Earthquake of 1988"] " Retrieved 7th February 2008]
ee also
*
Rock Aid Armenia
*"Pour toi Arménie "References
Additional reading
*Najarian, L.M., Goenjian, A. K., Pelcovitz, D., et al. (1996). "Relocation after a disaster: Posttraumatic stress disorder in Armenia after the earthquake." Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(3), 374-383.
*Pesola, G., Bayshtok, V., & Kvetan, V. (1989). "American critical care team at foreign disaster: The Armenian experience." Critical Care Medicine, 17(6), 582-585.
*Grigorova, L. F., Gasparian, A. A., & Manukian, L. H. (1990). Armenia, December, 88, Yerevan, Armenia: Hayastan (in Russian).
*Goenjian, A. (1993). A Mental health relief programme in Armenia after the 1988 earthquake.British Journal of Psychiatry , 163, 230-239.
*Giel, R. (1991). The psychosocial aftermath of two major disasters in the Soviet Union. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4(3), 381-392.
*Azarian, A. G., Skriptchenko-Gregorian, V. G., Miller, T. W., & Kraus, R. F. (1994). Childhood trauma in victims of the Armenian earthquake. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 24(2), 77-85.
*Allan, R. (1989). The Armenian earthquake - The UK response. Disaster Management, 1(4), 10-17.
*Abrams, J. I. (1989). Detection and extrication in the Armenian earthquake. International workshop on earth-quake injury epidemiology for mitigation and response, 435-449. Baltimore, MD
*Verluise, P. (1995). Armenia in crisis: The 1988 earthquake. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
*Pynoos, R. S., Goenjian, A., Tashjian, M., et al. (1993). Post-traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian earthquake.British Journal of Psychiatry , 163, 239-247.External links
* [http://www.AidArmenia.com/ "Out of the Ruins" 20th Anniversary Documentary Film released on DVD.]
* [http://www.armeniadiaspora.com/feature/images/gyumri/gyumri.html Earthquake Zone Then and Now: Images]
* [http://www.urbaninstitute.am/ The USAID Earthquake Zone Recovery Program]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/10/newsid_2544000/2544077.stm BBC:On this day December 10, 1988]
* [http://www.warnercnr.colostate.edu/avprojects/98proj/world_volc/web_docs/armenia.html Armenia Earthquake of 1988]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956602,00.html Soviet Union Vision of Horror]
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