Sacred-profane dichotomy

The dichotomy between the sacred and the profane has been identified by French sociologist Émile Durkheim as the central characteristic of religion: "religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to "sacred things", that is to say, things set apart and forbidden." [Durkheim 1915, p.47] In Durkheim's theory, the sacred represented the interests of the group, especially unity, which were embodied in sacred group symbols, totems. The profane, on the other hand, involved mundane individual concerns. Durkheim explicitly stated that the dichotomy sacred/profane was not equivalent to good/evil: the sacred could be good or evil, and the profane could be either as well. [Pals 1996, p. 99]

Criticism

Durkheim's claim of the universality of this dichotomy for all religions/cults has been criticized by scholars like British anthropologist Jack Goody. [cite web |url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/nts/mobile_devices/ch06s03.html |title=The sacred-profane distinction is not universal |accessdate=2007-07-10 |format= |work= quote: "neither do the Lo Dagaa [group in Gonja, "editor note"] appear to have any concepts at all equivalent to the vaguer and not unrelated dichotomy between the sacred and the profane"] Goody also noted that "many societies have no words that translate as sacred or profane and that ultimately, just like the distinction between natural and supernatural, it was very much a product of European religious thought rather than a universally applicable criterion." [cite web |url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/11183/Sacred-Profane-Durkheim-s-Critics.html |title=Sacred and Profane - Durkheim's Critics |accessdate=2007-07-10 |format= |work=]

Some Eastern religions like Buddhism disapprove of cultivating dualism, even between the sacred and the profane. A disciple is first asked to cultivate "a good mind".Fact|date=January 2008 In the intermediate stage, the disciple is asked to "break through the good mind" (i.e., stop distinguishing between the sacred and the profane).Fact|date=January 2008 In the final stage of learning, the monk lets go of all conceptualizations of good and bad or sacred and profane.Fact|date=January 2008 This is called the final good.

ee also

*Social control
*Carnival and Carnivalesque
*Ritual and Ceremony
*Grotesque body
*"Sacred and Profane Love", a painting
*"Profanum"

Notes

References

*Durkheim, "The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life", (1912, English translation by Joseph Swain: 1915) The Free Press, 1965. ISBN 0-02-908010-X, new translation by Karen E. Fields 1995, ISBN 0029079373
*Pals, Daniel (1996) "Seven Theories of Religion." New York: Oxford University Press. US ISBN 0-19-508725-9 (pbk).

Further reading

*Bakhtin, Mikhail. "Rabelais and His World" [1941] . Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
*C. Renate Barber " [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025-1496(196503%2F04)1%3A65%3C45%3A3SAPST%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T Sacred and Profane: Some Thoughts on the Folk-Urban Continuum of This Dichotomy] " Man, Vol. 65, Mar. - Apr., 1965 (Mar. - Apr., 1965), pp. 45-46 doi:10.2307/2797525
*S. S. Acquaviva, Patricia Lipscomb "The Decline of the Sacred in Industrial Society". review: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-4189(198107)61%3A3%3C341%3ATDOTSI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N]