Alexander Reinagle

Alexander Robert Reinagle (b. Portsmouth, England, April 23, 1756 - d. Baltimore, United States, September 21, 1809) was an English and American composer, organist, and theater musician.

Reinagle's father was a Hungarian professional musician and his mother was Scots. Reinagle studied music first with his father, then with Raynor Taylor in Edinburgh. At first, Reinagle made a living in the shipping industry, making several trips to the American colonies during the 1770s. In Edinburgh he taught music and presented several concerts. His first keyboard compositions were published in Glasgow, and became popular in the American colonies.

In 1786 Reinagle decided to try his fortune as a professional musician in the new United States of America. He moved to New York, and, later moved again to Philadelphia, which was the national capital at the time. Reinagle was a moving force in revitalizing the musical life of Philadelphia in the 1790s, introducing that city to the music of Haydn and Mozart, as well as his own original compositions.

One of Reinagle’s admirers was American President George Washington. In 1789 Reinagle composed a “Chorus,” which was performed for President Washington at Trenton, New Jersey, during Washington's journey to his inauguration. Later, in Philadelphia, Nellie Custis, Washington’s step-granddaughter, was one of Reinagle’s music students. Washington was a frequent concertgoer, and could often be seen in the audience at Reinagle’s concerts. Upon Washington’s death in 1799, Reinagle composed a "Monody on the Death of George Washington".

In Philadelphia Reinagle worked closely with Thomas Wignell in producing opera ballets with the New Company, at the Chestnut Street Theater. Reinagle and Wignell produced over 75 programs with the New Company. At Wignell’s death in 1803, Reinagle moved to Baltimore, where he became associated with the Holliday Street Theater. He died in 1809. He is buried in Old Saint Paul's Cemetery in Baltimore.

Reinagle’s Music

Reinagle’s earliest compositions, from his days in Edinburgh, include a set of Duos for two ‘cellos, Opus 2, and "Variations on Famous Scots Tunes", published in Glasgow and later again in Philadelphia. He also composed "Twenty-four Short and Easy Lessons", a series of teaching pieces for keyboard, which he later used in his teaching in Philadelphia.

Once in America, Reinagle continued to compose short pieces for special occasions, often with titles alluding to American personalities and ideas. Pieces such as his "Federal March", "President Madison’s March", and "Mrs. Madison’s Minuet" are usually short and in the binary form associated with dance music of the time.

Of more interest is the set of four keyboard sonatas. Reinagle composed these when he first arrived in Philadelphia; hence they are sometimes called the “Philadelphia Sonatas.” These are the first sonatas composed in the United States. They are substantial works, each in two or three movements. While they show the influence of C. P. E. Bach (one of Reinagle’s idols), they demonstrate Reinagle’s unique approach to form and motivic development.

Much of Reinagle’s theater music was lost when the Chestnut Street Theater burned down in 1820.

elected stage works

* "Robin Hood, or Sherwood Forest" (10.3.1794 Philadelphia) [rev. (W. Shield)]
* "St Patrick's Day, or The Scheming Lieutenant" (17.3.1794 Philadelphia)
* "La forêt noire" (26.4.1794 Philadelphia)
* "The Spanish Barber, or The Fruitless Precaution" (7.7.1794 Philadelphia) [+ B. Carr] [rev. (S. Arnold)]
* "Harlequin Shipwreck'd, or The Grateful Lion" (2.1.1795 Philadelphia)
* "The Purse, or Benevolent Tar" (7.1.1795 Philadelphia) [rev. (Arnold)]
* "The Volunteers" (21.1.1795 Philadelphia)
* "Auld Robin Gray, or Jamie's Return from America" (4.5.1795 Philadelphia) [rev. (Arnold)]
* "The Sicilian Romance, or The Apparition of the Cliffs" (6.5.1795 Philadelphia)
* "Harlequin's Invasion" (12.6.1795 Philadelphia)
* "The Warrior's Welcome Home" (10.2.1796 Philadelphia)
* "The Witches of the Rocks, or Harlequin Everywhere" (26.2.1796 Philadelphia)
* "The Lucky Escape, or The Ploughman Turned Sailor" (14.3.1796 Philadelphia) [rev. (C. Dibdin)]
* "Columbus, or The Discovery of America" (30.1.1797 Philadelphia)
* "The Savoyard, or The Repentant Seducer" (12.7.1797 Philadelphia)
* "The Italian Monk" (11.4.1798 Philadelphia) [rev. (Arnold)?]
* "The Arabs of the Desert, or Harlequin's Flight from Egypt" (13.4.1799 Philadelphia)
* "The Constellation, or A Wreath for American Tars" (30.12.1799 Philadelphia)
* "A Wreath for American Tars, or Huzza Again for the Constitution" (8.4.1800 Philadelphia)
* "The Double Disguise" (18.4.1800 Philadelphia)
* "Harlequin Freemason" (21.4.1800 Philadelphia) [rev. (Dibdin)]
* "The Sailor's Daughter" (10.12.1804 Philadelphia)
* "The Wife of Two Husbands" (1.3.1805 Philadelphia)
* "Mary, Queen of Scots" (15.1.1806 Philadelphia)
* "The Travellers, or Music's Fascination" (20.4.1807 Philadelphia) [rev. (D. Corri)?]

External links

* [http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/keffer/reinagle.html Philadelphia Composers: Alexander Reinagle -- Keffer Collection of Sheet Music, University of Pennsylvania]
* [http://dram.nyu.edu/dram/Composer/3038 Recordings from the Database of Recorded American Music]
*Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, 7th edition, copyright: 1984
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