1st Division (German Empire)

Infobox Military Unit
unit_name=1st Division ("1. Division"); in 1870-71 and from August 2, 1914, 1st Infantry Division ("1. Infanterie-Division")
dates=1818-1919
country=Prussia/Germany
branch=Army
type=Infantry (in peacetime included cavalry)
size=Approx. 10,000
command_structure=I. Army Corps ("I. Armeekorps")
garrison=Königsberg (1818-1919)
battles=Austro-Prussian War: Trutnov, Königgrätz
Franco-Prussian War: Noiseville, Gravelotte, Metz, Amiens, Hallue, St. Quentin
World War I: Stalluponen, Gumbinnen, Tannenberg, 1st Masurian Lakes, Łódź, Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive, Verdun, Spring Offensive, Second Marne, Hindenburg Line
notable_commanders=August Wilhelm Graf von Kanitz, August von Stockhausen, Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz, Julius von Verdy du Vernois

The 1st Division ("1. Division") was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. [From the late 1800s, the Prussian Army was effectively the German Army, as during the period of German unification (1866-1871) the states of the German Empire entered into conventions with Prussia regarding their armies and only the Bavarian Army remained fully autonomous.] It was formed in Königsberg in March 1816 as a Troop Brigade ("Truppen-Brigade"). [Günter Wegner, "Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939." (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1, p. 90.] [Claus von Bredow, bearb., "Historische Rang- und Stammliste des deuschen Heeres" (1905), p.232] It became the 1st Division on September 5, 1818. [Wegner, p. 90.] From the corps' formation in 1820, the division was subordinated in peacetime to the I Army Corps ("I. Armeekorps"). [Wegner, p. 43.] The 1st Division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.

The 1st Division and its regiments fought in the Austro-Prussian War against Austria in 1866, including the Battle of Königgrätz. [Hermann Cron et al., "Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee" (Berlin, 1935)] The division then fought in the Franco-Prussian War against France in 1870-71. Its regiments saw action in the Battle of Noiseville, the Battle of Gravelotte, the Siege of Metz, the Battle of Amiens, the Battle of Hallue, and the Battle of St. Quentin, among other actions. [Cron et al., "Ruhmeshalle"]

In World War I, the division served initially on the Eastern Front, seeing action at the battles of Stalluponen, Gumbinnen, and Tannenberg, and the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes. The division then fought in the Battle of Łódź and in the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive of 1915. In March 1916, the 1st Infantry Division was transferred to the Western Front. One month later, it entered the Battle of Verdun. After several months' hard fighting around Fort Vaux, the division was withdrawn from the line and returned to the Eastern Front, where it arrived in August 1916. It then participated in the invasion of Romania, which had entered the war in 1916 on the Allied side. The division returned to Verdun at the end of 1917. In 1918, it took part in the Spring Offensive, which the Germans referred to as the "Kaiserschlacht", the Second Battle of the Marne, and the Battle of the Hindenburg Line. [ [http://www.1914-18.info/erster-weltkrieg.php?u=131 1. Infanterie-Division] ]

1870 organization

During wartime, the 1st Division, like other German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 1st Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows: [A. Niemann, "Der französische Feldzug 1870-1871" (Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Hildburghausen, 1871), p. 37]

* 1st Infantry Brigade ("1. Infanterie-Brigade")
** 1st Grenadier Regiment "Crown Prince" (1st East Prussian) ("Grenadier-Regiment Kronprinz (1. Ostpreußisches) Nr. 1")
** 5th East Prussian Infantry Regiment No. 41 ("5. Ostpreußisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 41")
* 2nd Infantry Brigade ("2. Infanterie-Brigade")
** 2nd East Prussian Grenadier Regiment No. 3 ("2. Ostpreußisches Grenadier-Regiment Nr. 3")
** 6th East Prussian Infantry Regiment No. 43 ("6. Ostpreußisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 43")
* 1st Dragoon Regiment ("Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 1")
* 1st Jäger Battalion ("Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 1")

Pre-World War I organization

Many regiments were renamed and assigned to different divisions during the period from 1871 to 1914. In 1914, the peacetime organization of the 1st Division was as follows: ["Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee" (1914), pp. 53-54]

* 1st Infantry Brigade ("1. Infanterie-Brigade")
** 1st Grenadier Regiment "Crown Prince" (1st East Prussian) ("Grenadier-Regiment Kronprinz (1. Ostpreußisches) Nr. 1")
** 41st Infantry Regiment "von Boyen" (5th East Prussian) ("Infanterie-Regiment von Boyen (5. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 41)
* 2nd Infantry Brigade ("2. Infanterie-Brigade")
** 3rd Grenadier Regiment "King Friedrich Wilhelm I" (2nd East Prussian) ("Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm I (2. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 3")
** 43rd Infantry Regiment "Duke Karl of Mecklenburg" (6th East Prussian) ("Infanterie-Regiment Herzog Karl von Mecklenburg (6. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 43")
* 1st Cavalry Brigade ("1. Kavallerie-Brigade")
** 3rd Curassier Regiment "Count Wrangel" (East Prussian) ("3. Kürassier-Regiment Graf Wrangel (Ostpreuß.)
** 1st Lithuanian Dragoon Regiment "Prince Albrecht of Prussia" ("Dragoner-Regiment Prinz Albrecht von Preußen (Litthau.) Nr. 1") [Despite the name, a Prussian unit.]
* 1st Field Artillery Brigade ("1. Feldartillerie-Brigade")
** 16th Field Artillery Regiment (1st East Prussian) ("Feldartillerie-Regiment (1. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 16")
** 52nd Field Artillery Regiment (2nd East Prussian) ("Feldartillerie-Regiment (1. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 52")

August 1914 organization

On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 1st Division was again renamed the 1st Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization (major units) was as follows: [Cron et al., "Ruhmeshalle"]

* 1st Infantry Brigade ("1. Infanterie-Brigade")
** 1st Grenadier Regiment "Crown Prince" (1st East Prussian) ("Grenadier-Regiment Kronprinz (1. Ostpreußisches) Nr. 1")
** 41st Infantry Regiment "von Boyen" (5th East Prussian) ("Infanterie-Regiment von Boyen (5. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 41)
* 2nd Infantry Brigade ("2. Infanterie-Brigade")
** 3rd Grenadier Regiment "King Friedrich Wilhelm I" (2nd East Prussian) ("Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm I (2. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 3")
** 43rd Infantry Regiment "Duke Karl of Mecklenburg" (6th East Prussian) ("Infanterie-Regiment Herzog Karl von Mecklenburg (6. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 43")
* 8th Uhlan Regiment "Count zu Dohna" (East Prussian) ("Ulanen-Regiment Graf zu Dohna (Ostpreußisches) Nr. 8")
* 1st Field Artillery Brigade ("1. Feldartillerie-Brigade")
** 16th Field Artillery Regiment (1st East Prussian) ("Feldartillerie-Regiment (1. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 16")
** 52nd Field Artillery Regiment (2nd East Prussian) ("Feldartillerie-Regiment (1. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 52")
* 1st Company, 1st Engineer Battalion "Prince Radziwill" (East Prussian) ("1./Pionier-Bataillon Prinz Radziwill (Ostpreuß.) Nr. 1")

Late World War I organization

Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 1st Infantry Division's order of battle on February 19, 1918 was as follows: [Cron et al., "Ruhmeshalle"]

* 1st Infantry Brigade ("1. Infanterie-Brigade")
** 1st Grenadier Regiment "Crown Prince" (1st East Prussian) ("Grenadier-Regiment Kronprinz (1. Ostpreußisches) Nr. 1")
** 3rd Grenadier Regiment "King Friedrich Wilhelm I" (2nd East Prussian) ("Grenadier-Regiment König Friedrich Wilhelm I (2. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 3")
** 43rd Infantry Regiment "Duke Karl of Mecklenburg" (6th East Prussian) ("Infanterie-Regiment Herzog Karl von Mecklenburg (6. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 43")
** 31st Machine Gun Sharpshooter Detachment ("MG-Scharfschützen-Abteilung Nr. 31")
* 3rd Squadron, 8th Uhlan Regiment "Count zu Dohna" (East Prussian) ("3.Esk./Ulanen-Regiment Graf zu Dohna (Ostpreußisches) Nr. 8")
* Artillery Commander No. 1 ("Artillerie-Kommandeur 1")
** 16th Field Artillery Regiment (1st East Prussian) ("Feldartillerie-Regiment (1. Ostpreuß.) Nr. 16")
** 1st Battalion, 10th Lower Saxon Foot Artillery Regiment ("I.Bataillon/Niedersächsiches Fußartillerie-Regiment Nr. 10")
* Staff, 110th Engineer Battalion ("Stab Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 110")
** 3rd Company, 1st Engineer Battalion "Prince Radziwill" (East Prussian) ("2./Pionier-Bataillon Prinz Radziwill (Ostpreuß.) Nr. 1")
** 271st Engineer Company ("Pionier-Kompanie Nr. 271")
** 1st Mortar Company ("Minenwerfer-Kompanie Nr. 1")
* Divisional Signals Commander No. 1 ("Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 1")

Notable commanders

* August Wilhelm Graf von Kanitz (1839-42) - later Prussian Minister of War (1848)
* August von Stockhausen (1848) - later Prussian Minister of War (1850-51)
* Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz (1857-63) - later a Generalfeldmarschall
* Julius von Verdy du Vernois (1883-87) - military theorist, Prussian Minister of War (1889-90)

References

* [http://www.1914-18.info/erster-weltkrieg.php?u=131 1.Infanterie-Division] at [http://www.1914-18.info 1914-18.info]
* Claus von Bredow, bearb., "Historische Rang- und Stammliste des deuschen Heeres" (1905)
* Hermann Cron et al., "Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee" (Berlin, 1935)
* A. Niemann, "Der französische Feldzug 1870-1871" (Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Hildburghausen, 1871)
* Günter Wegner, "Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939", Bd. 1 (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993)
* "Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee" (1914)
* "Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919" (1920)

Notes