Bellifortis

"Bellifortis" ("Strong in War", "War Fortifications") is the first fully illustrated manual of military technology, dating from the start of the 15th century. [ Anzovin, Steven et al, "Famous First Facts, International Edition — A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries, and Inventions in World History", H. W. Wilson Company (2000), p. 263 item 4117: "The first illustrated manual of military technology was Bellifortis, written and illustrated by Conrad Kyeser of Eichstatt, Germany, and covering a thousand years of European weaponry."] It summarises material from classical writers on military technology, like Vegetius' "De Re Militari" and Frontinus' anecdotal "Strategemata", emphasising "poliorcetics", or the art of siege warfare, but treating magic as a supplement to the military arts; it is "saturated with astrology," remarked Lynn White, Jr. in a review of the first facsimile edition. [Conrad Kyeser aus Eichstätt, "Bellifortis", vol. I, facsimile edition in color, edited, with German translation, introduction and notes by Götz Quarg (Dusseldorf) 1967; extensively reviewed by Lynn White, Jr, in "Technology and Culture", 10,.3 (July 1969: 436–441) ]

History of treatise

Konrad Kyeser wrote his treatise between 1402 and 1405 when he was exiled from Prague to his hometown of Eichstatt. Long, pp. 105–108 ] Many of the illustrations for the book were made by German illuminators who were sent to Eichstatt after their own ousting from the Prague scriptorium. Lefèvre, pp. 67–72 ] The work, which was not printed until 1967, survived in a single original presentation manuscript on parchment at University of Göttingen, [Codex Ms. philos. 63; four early drafts of the finished text (1402–04) also survive.] bearing the date 1405, and in numerous copies, excerpts and amplifications, both of the text and of the illustrations, made in German lands.

Design of the book

"Bellifortis" was written in Latin and contained many elaborate illustrations of war weaponry. The manual discusses machines and technology that were old and new. It described weapons such as trebuchets, battering rams, movable portable bridges, cannons, rockets, chariots, ships, mills, scaling ladders, incendiary devices, crossbows, and instruments of torture. The portrait of the author is called by its modern editor the first realistic portrait of an author since Antiquity. [Quarg, noted in White (1969:438).]

Kyeser’s viewpoint was that warfare in the broadest sense was most effective if looked at from all angles, which included astrology and sorcery. His manual presented the technology of the art of war through the association of education and Latin letters. The book was of a large expensive format. It had elaborate illustrations and lavish drawings of a large number of war devices and machines. The treatise was designed more for a prince or king than for an engineer. Kyeser believed his war manual would make other armies run in all directions.

His treatise often made reference to antiquity, especially the war tactics of Alexander the Great. He writes that Alexander had many war technical abilities. In one illustration he shows Alexander with a rocketlike war weapon in his hands with the mysterious letters: MEUFATON. In another illustration Alexander is shown as the supposed inventor of a very large war carriage. Kyeser writes that Alexander was not only a great inventor of war devices but was able to use them himself. Alexander is portrayed with magical abilities.

Dedication

Konrad dedicated his finished treatise to the weak Ruprech III in a bitter response to his exile. He emphasizes in the dedication the relationship of technical knowledge to technical skills. He writes of the German soldiers, "Just as the sky shines with stars, Germany shines forth with liberal disciplines, is embellished with mechanics, and adorned with diverse arts."

At the end of the treatise, Kyeser gives a markedly unusual appearance of himself. He portrays himself as a dying worried person. He even provides his own epitaph, "May my soul be joined to your very high one."

Notes

Bibliography

*Anzovin, Steven et al, "Famous First Facts, International Edition — A Record of First Happenings, Discoveries, and Inventions in World History", H. W. Wilson Company (2000), ISBN 0-8242-0958-3

* Lefèvre, Wolfgang, "Picturing Machines 1400–1700", MIT Press, 2004, ISBN 0-2621226-9-3

* Long, Pamela O., "Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance," JHU Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8018660-6-5