Fountain of Neptune, Bologna
- Fountain of Neptune, Bologna
The Fountain of Neptune (Fontana di Nettuno) of Bologna, Italy, [For others fountains featuring the god of the sea and all natural waters, see Fountain of Neptune.] is a monumental civic fountain located in the eponymous square, "Piazza Nettuno", next to Piazza Maggiore. [The urbanistic history and quasi-political character of these interrelated civic spaces and structures expressing conflicting connotations of papal and communical-republican instruments of government are discussed in Naomi Miller, "Renaissance Bologna: A Study in Architectural Form and Content" (University of Kansas) 1989.] Its bronze figure of "Neptune", extending his reach in a lordly gesture of stilling and controlling the waters, is an early work of Giambologna's maturity, completed about 1567. [Date in Charles Avery, "Giambologna" (1987); a description of the fountain appears in the second edition (1568) of Giorgio Vasari's "Vite"; a collection of essays on the conservation undertaken in the 1980s on the Neptune fountain, "Il Nettuno del Giambologna: storia e restauro" (Milan) 1989, contains an essay by Richard Tittle on the contracts for it, of 1563, and one by Giancarlo Roversi on its impact on public life in Bologna and changing attitudes towards its display of nudity.]
An innovation of Giambologna's fountain designs is the fantastic and non-geometrical forms he gave to the basins into which water splashed and flowed, "curiously folded, bulging and elastic in form", as Rosalind Grippi remarked. [Rosalind Grippi, "A Sixteenth Century Bozzetto" "The Art Bulletin" 38.3 (September 1956:143-147) p. 146; the "bozzetto" Grippi was discussing was not related to the fountain.] The fountain is a model example of Mannerist taste of the courtly elite in the mid-sixteenth century: construction of the statue was commissioned by the Cardinal Legate of the city, Charles Borromeo, to symbolize the fortunate recent election of Borromeo's uncle as Pope Pius IV.The work was designed by the Palermitan architect Tommaso Laureti in 1563, with an over-lifesize bronze of the god Neptune on the top, executed by Giambologna, who had submitted a model for the fountain of Neptune in Florence, but had lost the commission to Baccio Bandinelli. Before the fountain was built, an entire edifice was demolished to make space for it. The fountain was completed in 1565, [Documents in the State Archives in Bologna were used by W. Gramberg, "Giambologna, eine Untersuchung über seine Wanderjähre" (Berlin) 1936.] and the "Neptune" was fixed in place within a couple of years.
Notes
ee also
* Neptune
* Mythology
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