Battle of Arkinholm

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Arkinholm


caption=
partof=Royal - Black Douglas civil war
date=1 May 1455
place=Arkinholm, near Langholm, Scotland
result=Royal Victory
combatant1=Supporters of King James II of Scotland
combatant2=Black Douglases
commander1=George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus
Laird of Johnstone
commander2=Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray†
Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde
John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie
strength1=200?
strength2=200?
casualties1=?
casualties2= ?|The Battle of Arkinholm was fought on May 1 1455, at Arkinholm near Langholm in Scotland, during the reign of King James II of Scotland.

Although a small action, involving only a few hundred troops, it was the decisive battle in a civil war between the king and the Black Douglases, the most powerful aristocratic family in the country. As the king's supporters won it was a significant step in the struggle to establish a relatively strong centralised monarchy in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages.

The Black Douglases had already suffered some losses before the battle. The king's supporters had taken their castle at Abercorn, and some allies such as the Hamiltons had defected. The head of the family, James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas, had gone to England to rally support, but his three younger brothers were at the battle.

There is some uncertainty about the leadership of the royal army. By some accounts it was led by George Douglas, 4th Earl of Angus, head of the Red Douglas family, a senior aristocrat, and third cousin to the Earl of Douglas. However other accounts describe it as a force of local Border families, Johnstones, [http://www.google.com/books?id=jOEgAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=label:johnston#PRA1-PA33,M1] Maxwells, and Scotts, who had previously been dominated by the Black Douglases but now rebelled against them, led by the Laird John Johnstone of Johnstone in Annandale, who succeeded his father 1455.

Of the three Douglas brothers: Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray was killed in the battle and his head presented to the king, Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde was captured and executed shortly afterwards, and John Douglas, Lord of Balvenie escaped to England.

Shortly after the battle the Black Douglases were attainted, the last few castles held by them fell, and they ceased to be a serious force in Scotland.

References

* McGladdery, C. "James II" (John Donald. 1990)