SS Nieuw Amsterdam

The "Nieuw Amsterdam" was a Dutch ocean liner built in Rotterdam for the Holland America Line. This "Nieuw Amsterdam", the second of three Holland America ships with that name, is considered by many to have been Holland America's finest ship.

Construction and launch

Originally she was to be named "Prinsendam", however during construction, Holland America Line decided to name their new flagship "Nieuw Amsterdam", in honor of the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, modern day New York.

Construction on the new liner was carried out at the Rotterdam Drydock Company. Christened by Queen Wilhelmina in April 1937, Nieuw Amsterdam was, at 36,000 tonnes, the largest liner ever constructed in the Netherlands up to that time. Proudly she was dubbed the Dutch "Ship of peace" since there were no provisions for possible war use incorporated in her design.

Interior

The "Nieuw Amsterdam" was the Netherlands' "ship of state", just as the "Normandie" was France's, the "Queen Mary" was Britain's and "United States" was the United States' Numerous Dutch artists vied for the honor of creating some part of the ship.

Their creation emerged in the spring of 1938, a light-colored and very spacious ship throughout, and although she had spacious public rooms, the colour scheme used gave her an even larger feel. Modern in every way, her owners proclaimed her "the ship of tomorrow". She followed the Art Deco trend of the day in both interior decorations and exterior design. The interiors were distinguished by fluorescent lighting, aluminum motifs, and gentle pastels throughout the ship that created an understated elegance that would make the liner a favorite among seasoned transatlantic passengers. [Designing Liners: A History of Interior Design Afloat by Anne Massey]

One of the ship’s centerpieces was the first class restaurant, having a Moroccan leather ceiling which was adorned by numerous Murano glass light fixtures, and columns covered in gold leaf. Tinted mirrors, ivory walls and satinwood furniture all contributed to create the luxurious atmosphere. The restaurant had no portholes or windows facing the open sea, making it depend solely on artificial illumination. This might sound a bit odd, but it should be noted that it was just the same in the first class restaurant on board the fabulous "Normandie" of 1935. [Great Luxury Liners 1927-1954, A Photographic Record by William H. Miller, Jr.] There also were two swimming pools onboard, one outdoor and the other indoors on E-deck. It featured expensive Delft tiling which was an impressive sight.

Passengers must have found it difficult to believe they were at sea when in the air-conditioned First Class Theater. The deeply cushioned seats commanded an unobstructed view of the stage, and the egg-shaped contour of the auditorium took advantage of the latest in scientific sound-proofing materials and amplifying equipment to ensure perfect acoustics for concerts, dramatic performances and pre-release motion pictures. Found at the front end of the Theatre was a striking mural in red, black and gold by Reyer Stolk. The "Nieuw Amsterdam" was the second ship in the world after the "Normandie" to boast a theater, a feature the larger and faster "Queen Mary" did not have.

A favorite rendezvous of many "Nieuw Amsterdam" passengers was the handsome First Class Smoking Room with its rich Circassian walnut paneling and deep, luxurious armchairs and settees. Flanked by two enclosed sun verandas extending to the sides of the ship, the Smoking Room had its own modern bar stocked with a connoisseur choice of fine liquors.

First Class staterooms on the "Nieuw Amsterdam" were unusually attractive, ranging in size from cozy single person cabins to elaborate cabins-de-luxe. The handsome and modern decorative scheme made the cabins comfortable spots for daytime and evening relaxation. All First Class cabins on Nieuw Amsterdam had a private bathroom, a unique feature which no previous liner could boast.

Early career

On April 23, 1938 the "Nieuw Amsterdam" set out on her sea trials, which were to take place on the North Sea. Testing her speed and manoeuvring capability, the new vessel turned out to be all that she was supposed to be. Upon her return from the sea trials, the "Nieuw Amsterdam" was transferred to Holland America ownership and officially registered in the Dutch merchant fleet.

The sleek new liner’s maiden voyage was set for 10 May, 1938 and upon her arrival in New York she immediately won adulation and acclaim.

Although she was neither as large or fast as many of her contemporaries, she was to be a popular liner for the Dutch and was showered with superlatives. Her sleek outline and two slim funnels provided a striking profile and she soon garnered a loyal following amid stiff competition from great liners such as Cundard's "Queen Mary" and the superb "Normandie" of the French Line. Despite the fierce competition, Nieuw Amsterdam proved to be one of the few money-making vessels of the day. [Picture History of German and Dutch Passenger Ships by William H. Miller, Jr.]

War time service

The Netherlands’ “ship of peace” was not to enjoy the praise lavished on her for long. After only seventeen voyages, "Nieuw Amsterdam" was laid up at Hoboken, New Jersey in 1939 after the German invasion of Poland. She would be idle for only a year, however, and was requisitioned by the British Ministry of Transport after Holland fell to Hitler’s armies. She would spend the remainder of the war years as a troop transport, despite the fact she had been constructed without the consideration of ever being used in a military capacity. During the course of the conflict she would transport over 350,000 troops and steam some convert|530452|nmi|km|0 before being returned to the Holland America Line in 1946.

Refitting the "Nieuw Amsterdam"

The "Nieuw Amsterdam" triumphantly returned to her home port of Rotterdam on April 10, 1946. Fifteen weeks were required to remove the troop fittings: the special kitchens, alarm systems, hammocks, and 36 guns.

Then 2,000 tons of furniture and decorations were shipped to the Netherlands from wartime storage in San Francisco. The furnishings were for the most part in very poor condition, a result of six years of neglect. About 3,000 chairs and 500 tables were sent back to their original builders for reupholstering and refinishing. One quarter of the furnishings had to be replaced entirely.

Factories and warehouses in Europe combed their supplies for materials and fabrics, much of which had been concealed from the Nazis during the occupation. Many smaller parts, such as hinges and clamps, had to be made by hand, since the machinery that once made them having been stolen or destroyed by the enemy.

The entire rubber flooring was renewed, as was nearly all of the carpeting. All of the steel work was scaled and preserved and all piping cleaned. All ceilings and floors were removed; all of the liners 374 bathrooms were rebuilt. In the passenger spaces the wood paneling, which had been scratched and mutilated, was sanded down to half its thickness and relacquered. All the cabin's closets and fixtures were replaced. The entire electrical wiring system was renewed.

Having been painted over for blackouts and cracked in tropical climates, convert|12000|sqft|m2|-2 of glass was refurbished. Even the hand rails had to be repolished to eradicate thousands of carved initials. The project was monumental, because of the material shortages and the decline of the number of skilled craftmen.

On October 29, 1947, after 18 months at the shipyard, the "Nieuw Amsterdam" reentered transatlantic service. Over 100 liners were restored with similar efforts.

Post-war career and demise

The refit took 18 months and cost more than her original construction, but on October 29 1947, the "Nieuw Amsterdam" was finally back on the transatlantic run. Her passenger accommodations had been slightly altered, and the ship emerged with a gross tonnage some 400 tons larger than before, ending up at 36,667 tons. [cite web| url=http://web.greatships.net:81/nieuwamsterdam2.html| title=Great Ships| accessdate=2007-06-10]

For the next twenty years "Nieuw Amsterdam" would enjoy a loyal following and financial success. Even when joined by a more contemporary fleet-mate in 1959, the "SS Rotterdam", the "Nieuw Amsterdam" still commanded a loyal following and remained one of the most popular ships on the north Atlantic. Her several refits in the 1950s ensured she remained in top condition and continued service despite her being near thirty years of age. In 1967 severe boiler problems seemed to indicate an end to the venerable liner’s career, however new US Navy surplus boilers were installed during a 16 week shipyard period at Wilton Fijenoord in Schiedam and her career continued.

In the same decade jet travel had made continued Atlantic passenger runs impractical, so "Nieuw Amsterdam" was shifted to cruising in the Caribbean. Soon escalating operating cost and competition from newer cruise vessels meant an end to the grand liner’s service career. "Nieuw Amsterdam" had been an enduring icon on the North Atlantic for the better part of three decades—certainly her refined interiors and impeccable service added much to her appeal.

When she sailed to the breakers in 1974, the world saw the end to one of the greatest liners to sail the Atlantic.

ee also

* SS Rotterdam
* Holland America Line

References

External links

* [http://web.greatships.net:81/nieuwamsterdam2.html Photos of the SS Nieuw Amsterdam]