Titi

Taxobox
name = TitisMSW3 Groves|pages=141-146]

---

image_caption = Coppery Titi ("C. cupreus")
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Primates
subordo = Haplorrhini
familia = Pitheciidae
subfamilia = Callicebinae
subfamilia_authority = Pocock, 1925
genus = "Callicebus"
genus_authority = Thomas, 1903
type_species = "Simia personatus"
type_species_authority = É. Geoffroy, 1812
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = 29 species, see text

The titis, or titi monkeys, are the New World monkeys of the genus "Callicebus". They are the only extant members of the Callicebinae subfamily, which also contains the extinct genera "Xenothrix, Antillothrix", "Paralouatta, Carlocebus, Homunculus, Lagonimico" and possibly also "Tremacebus".

Titis live in South America, from Colombia to Brazil, Peru and north Paraguay.

Depending on species, titis have a head and body length of 23-46 cm (9-18 in), and a tail, which is longer than the head and body, of 26-56 cm (10-22 in). The different titi species vary substantially in coloring, but resemble each other in most other physical ways. The fur is long and soft, and it is usually reddish, brownish, grayish or blackish, and in most species the underside is lighter or more rufescent than the upperside. Some species have contrasting blackish or whitish foreheads, while all members of the subgenus "Torquatus" have a white half-collar. The tail is always furry and is not prehensile.

Diurnal and arboreal, titis predominantly prefer dense forests near water. They easily jump from branch to branch, earning them their German name, "Springaffen" (jumping monkeys). They sleep at night, but also take a midday nap.

Titis are territorial. They live in family groups that consist of parents and their offspring, about two to seven animals in total. They defend their territory by shouting and chasing off intruders, but rarely engage in actual fighting. Their grooming and communication is important for the co-operation of the group. They can typically be seen in pairs sitting or sleeping with tails entwined.

The diet of the titis consists mainly of fruits, although they also eat leaves, flowers, insects, bird eggs and small vertebrates.Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Walker's Mammals of the World." 6th edition. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. ISBN 0801857899]

Titis are monogamous, mating for life. The female bears a single young after about a five-month gestation. Twins occur rarely, having been documented in only 1.4% of all births in captive groups of "C. moloch". [cite journal | url = http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~eduardof/Publications/Valeggiaetal,%20Reprod%20Biol%20Callicebus,%20AJP%201999.pdf | author = Valeggia, Mendoza, Fernandez-Duque, Mason, and Lasley | year = 1999 | title = Reproductive Biology of Female Titi Monkeys (Callicebus moloch) in captivity | journal = American Journal of Primatology | volume = 47 | issue = | pages = 183–195 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1999)47:3<183::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-J] While the second infant usually does not survive, cases where neighbouring groups have adopted infants are known, suggesting that twins may be reared successfully under certain circumstances. [cite journal | url = | author = Cäsar, and Young | year = 2008 | title = A case of adoption in a wild group of black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) | journal = Primates | volume = 49 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–148 | doi = 10.1007/s10329-007-0066-x] Often it is the father who cares for the young, carrying it and bringing it to the mother only for nursing. The young are weaned after 5 months and are fully grown after two years. After three or more years, they leave their family group in order to find a mate. While the life expectancy of most species is unclear, the members of the subgenus "Torquatus" may live for up to 12 years in the wild,Rowe, Noel (1996). "The Pictorial Guide to Living Primates." Pogonias Press, Charlestown. ISBN 0-9648825-1-8] while members of the "C. moloch" group have been known to live for more than 25 years in captivity.

Classification

The number of known species of titis has doubled in recent years, with three species, "C. stephennashi", "C. bernhardi", and "C. aureipalatii", being described from the Amazon basin since 2000. Furthermore, the most recent review uses the ecological species concept (thereby not recognizing the concept of subspecies) rather than the 'traditional' biological species concept.cite journal | url = http://marcvanroosmalen.org/images/Taxonomic_Review_of_Titi_Monkeys.pdf | author = Roosmalen, Roosmalen, and Mittermeier | year = 2002 | title = A taxonomic review of the titi monkeys, genus "Callicebus" Thomas, 1903, with the description of two new species, "Callicebus bernhardi" and "Callicebus stephennashi", from Brazilian Amazonia | journal = Neotropical Primates | volume = 10 | issue = Suppl. | pages = 1–52] The classification presented here is therefore very different from the classifications used twenty years ago. The naming rights to a recently discovered species, based on appearance part of the "C. cupreus" group, were auctioned off (with the funds going to a nonprofit organization), and the winner was the online casino GoldenPalace.com, as reflected in both the common and scientific name of "C. aureipalatii". [cite journal | url = | author = Wallace, Gómez, Felton, and Felton | year = 2006 | title = On a New Species of Titi Monkey, Genus Callicebus Thomas (Primates, Pitheciidae), from Western Bolivia with Preliminary Notes on Distribution and Abundance | journal = Primate Concervation | volume = 20 | issue = | pages = 29–39 | doi = 10.1896/0898-6207.20.1.29] While this typically is a highly unusual event in scientific classification, the possibility of naming a species of titi in exchange for a sizable donation to a nonprofit foundation was also presented a few years before, resulting in "C. bernhardi" being named after Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. [ [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/roosmalen-200802.html Trials of a Primatologist.] Smithsonian magazine, February 2008. Accessed March 16, 2008.]

* Subfamily Callicebinae
** Genus "Callicebus"
*** Subgenus "Callicebus"
**** "C. donacophilus" group
***** White-eared Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) donacophilus"
***** Rio Beni Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) modestus"
***** Rio Mayo Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) oenanthe"
***** Ollala Brothers' Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) olallae"
***** White-coated Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) pallescens"
**** "C. moloch" group
***** Baptista Lake Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) baptista"
***** Prince Bernhard's Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) bernhardi"
***** Brown Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) brunneus"
***** Ashy Black Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) cinerascens"
***** Hoffmanns's Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) hoffmannsi"
***** Red-bellied Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) moloch"
**** "C. personatus" group
***** Barbara Brown's Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) barbarabrownae"
***** Coimbra Filho's Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) coimbrai"
***** Coastal Black-handed Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) melanochir"
***** Black-fronted Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) nigrifrons"
***** Atlantic Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) personatus"
**** "C. cupreus" group
***** Chestnut-bellied Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) caligatus"
***** Coppery Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) cupreus"
***** GoldenPalace.com Monkey, "Callicebus (Callicebus) aureipalatii"
***** White-tailed Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) discolor"
***** Hershkovitz's Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) dubius"
***** Ornate Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) ornatus"
***** Stephen Nash's Titi, "Callicebus (Callicebus) stephennashi"
*** Subgenus "Torquatus"
**** Lucifer Titi, "Callicebus (Torquatus) lucifer"
**** Black Titi, "Callicebus (Torquatus) lugens"
**** Colombian Black-handed Titi, "Callicebus (Torquatus) medemi"
**** Rio Purus Titi, "Callicebus (Torquatus) purinus"
**** Red-headed Titi, "Callicebus (Torquatus) regulus"
**** Collared Titi, "Callicebus (Torquatus) torquatus"

References

External links

* [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/links/callicebus Primate Info Net "Callicebus" Factsheets]