- Warble fly
Taxobox
name = Warble flies
regnum =Animal ia
phylum =Arthropod a
subphylum =Hexapoda
classis =Insect a
subclassis =Pterygota
infraclassis =Neoptera
superordo =Endopterygota |
ordo = Diptera
subordo =Brachycera
infraordo =Muscomorpha
zoosectio =Schizophora
zoosubsectio =Calyptratae
superfamilia =Oestroidea
familia =Oestridae
subfamilia =Hypodermatinae
genus = "Hypoderma"
genus_authority = Latreille, 1818
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = *"H. bovis" (Linnaeus, 1758)
*"H. lineatum" (Viller, 1789)
*"H. tarandi" (Linnaeus, 1758)
...othersWarble fly is a name given to the genus "Hypoderma", large flies which are
parasitic oncattle anddeer . Other names include "heel flies", "bomb flies", and "gad flies", while their larvae are often called "cattle grubs" or "wolves." Common species of warble fly include "Hypoderma lineatum " (horse ) and "Hypoderma bovis " (cattle ).Adult warble flies are large, hairy and bee-like; brown, orange or yellow in color.
They are found in all continents of the northern hemisphere, principally between 25 and 60 degrees latitude.
"Warblefly" is also the name of an English folk/rock/punk band."
Infestations
The fly will lay eggs on the foreleg of the affected cattle. These will be ingested by licking, and be swallowed. Internal cycle involves the passing
oesophagus muscles andspinal cord before subcutaneous re-emerging.When they re-emerge, the larvae cause many swellings ("warbles") under the skin, causing some harm to animals, but not as a general disease. It doesn't burrow into the flesh, but stays under the skin (hence, its scientific name "Hypoderma"). Nevertheless, when accidentally destroyed by pressure, the larvae can cause large
purulent swellings.From the subcutaneous swelling, the warble will puncture the skin when coming out of the bovine. From those numerous holes, the hide is rendered valueless.
Unlike "
Lucilia " larvae, migrating grubs generally don't cause any damage in the meat, but growing animals may have a lower daily weight gain. Milk yields may also suffer, but in adult cows, the infestation is generally limited, due to immunisation following the first infestation, as a calf.Warble fly has been eradicated in many countries, beginning from
Denmark andWestern Germany , in the 1960s. They have also been eradicated from the United Kingdom, [cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/diseases/notifiable/warblefly/index.htm|title=Disease factsheet: Warble Fly] as well as fromBelgium . The method was the pour on application of aorganophosphorus compound.From the 1980s, the preventive treatment is easier, by subcutaneous use of
Ivermectin , but the warble fly remains present inNorth Africa .ee also
*
Bot fly
*Horse-fly References
External links
* [http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/livestock/cattle_grub.htm common cattle grub] on the
UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
* [http://www.warblefly.co.uk/index.htm warblefly]
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