Kawasaki Ki-48

infobox Aircraft
name = Ki-48
type = Light bomber
manufacturer = Kawasaki

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caption = Kawasaki Ki-48
designer = Takeo Doi
first flight =
introduction = 1940
retired =
status =
primary user = Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
more users =
produced =
number built = 1,997
unit cost =
developed from =
variants with their own articles =

The Kawasaki Ki-48 was a Japanese twin-engined light bomber that was used during World War II. Its Allied reporting name was "Lily."

Development

The development of the aircraft began at the end of 1937 at the request of the Japanese military high command. Kawasaki received an order to develop a "high-speed bomber" capable of 480 km/h at 3,000 m (300 mph at 10,000 ft), and able to reach 5,000 m (16,400 ft) within 10 minutes. It was inspired by the Soviet Tupolev SB-2.

Kawasaki had the advantage of the experience of designing the Ki-45 twin-engined heavy fighter. Most technical problems were solved; however the aircraft had a number of defects. It could carry only a 800 kg (1,750 lb) bombload (less than the single-engined Typhoon fighter-bomber) and was equipped only with three machine guns, which made it very vulnerable to enemy fighters. The flight characteristics of the Ki-48 also left much to be desired. Allied fighters caught up in speed and eventually the KI-48 was too slow to outrun them. Despite the first versions being under-armoured, the KI-48 could loop and turn with an experienced pilot at the controls. Often the aircraft was used as a dive bomber in Burma. The aircraft was not necessarily a failure, and was considered an acceptable light bomber for the first few years of the war by many historians.Fact|date=May 2008

Operational history

The aircraft served in China from late 1940, replacing the Kawasaki Ki-32, and were widely used in the Philippines, Malaya, Burma, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and the Dutch East Indies, where the Ki-48 Ia and Ib models, slow and badly armed, were supplemented by the marginally improved Ki-48 IIa and IIc, which were maintained in service along the older types until the end of the war.

All models continued in service until the Battle of Okinawa during April 1945, when many were converted into Kamikaze aircraft (Ki-48-II KAI "Tai-Atari") armed with an 800 kg (1,764 lb) bomb.

Ki-48 special attack unit

The British Pacific Fleet departed from Ceylon on 16 January 1945 en route to Australia, and struck Japanese-held oil wells and refineries at Palembang, Sumatra on 24-29 January 1945 in Operation Meridian.

On 29 January, seven Kawasaki Ki-48 of the Army's "Shichisi Mitate Tokubetsu Kōgeki Tai" counter-attacked the Allied fleet at low level as the British aircraft were returning from Palembang. The British radar picture was confused by the presence of over 100 friendly aircraft and the first two or three Supermarine Seafire CAP interceptions did not occur until just before the Ki-48 entered the air defence zone. The last pair of Seafires chased the five remaining Ki-48s inside the screen, and with the support of returning F4U Corsairs and F6F Hellcats which had just been scrambled, shot down all of them amongst intense AA fire. One Seafire was slightly damaged and one Hellcat was written off by friendly fire, but the only ship to be damaged was the carrier HMS|Illustrious|R87|6, hit by heavy AA shells.

Such success, minor by Pacific fighting standards at the time, gave the British Pacific Fleet useful expertise and confidence in its ability to deal with kamikaze attacks.

Variants

;Ki-48:Four prototypes with Ha-25 engines of 950 hp, and five pre-production aircraft, with modified tail surfaces.;Ki-48-Ia:Army Type 99 Twin Engine Light Bomber Model 1A; as first series model. Produced from 1940, 557 built.;Ki-48-Ib,:Similar to the Ia, with changes in defensive machine-gun mountings.
*Total production of Ki-48 Ia and Ib: 557 aircraft;Ki-48-II:Three prototypes built.;Ki-48-IIa:Fitted with more powerful engines, a longer fuselage, additional armour, and larger bomb load. Produced from April 1942.;Ki-48-IIb:Dive bomber version, with reinforced fuselage and dive brakes.;Ki-48-IIc:Improved defensive weapons. Produced from 1943.
*Total production of Ki-48 IIa, IIb and IIc: 1,408 aircraft;Ki-48-II KAI Kamikaze (Type Tai-Atari):Conversion with 800 kg of explosives and two or three pilots for kamikaze missions
*Total production of all versions: 1,977 aircraft;Ki-81:Proposed version of the Ki-48. Not built.;Ki-174:Single-seat special attack version. Not built.

Operators

;China as ROC
*Chinese Nationalist Air Force
**6th Group
***5th Squadron operated captured aircraft.;PRC
*Chinese Communist Air Force operated captured aircraft. The last Ki-48 retired from training role in 1952.;IDN
*Indonesian People's Security Force operated one aircraft against Dutch colonial rule. This aircraft was put together from bits and pieces of a number of aircraft to become the first twin-engined bomber in the Indonesian People's Security Force [Bueschel 1971, p. 12.] .;JPN
*Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
** 3rd Attack Air Combat Regiment (June 1942-June 1945)
** 6th Attack Air Combat Regiment (1942-1945)
** 8th Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (August 1941-1945)
** 12th Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (April 1944-August 1945)
** 16th Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (1941-1945)
** 34th Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (October 1942-April 1944)
** 35th Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (1942-1944)
** 45th Attack Air Combat Regiment (July 1940-February 1944)
** 65th Attack/Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (1940-July 1941)
** 75th Attack Air Combat Regiment (1941-April 1945)
** 90th Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (October 1941-August 1945)
** 206th Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (June 1941-July 1941)
** 208th Light Bomber Air Combat Regiment (March 1941-May 1945)
** 82th Independent Light Bomber Company (1940-1942)
** 21th Independent Headquarters Flight (July 1939-15 October 1942)
** Hokota Army Light Bomber Flying School
** Hokota Light Bomber Instructing Flight Division
** Mito Army Flying School
** Army Aviation Maintenance School
** Tokorozawa Army Aviation Maintenance School

pecifications (Ki-48-IIa)

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?= plane
jet or prop?= prop
ref=Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft [Jackson, Robert. "The Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft". London: Parragon, 2002. ISBN 0-75258-130-9.]
crew= Four
capacity=
length main= 12.75 m
length alt= 41 ft 9 in
span main= 17.45 m
span alt= 57 ft 3 in
height main= 3.8 m
height alt= 12 ft 5 in
area main= 40 m²
area alt= 430.555 ft²
airfoil=
empty weight main= 4,550 kg
empty weight alt= 10,031 lb
loaded weight main= 6,500 kg
loaded weight alt= 14,350 lb
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main= 6,750 kg
max takeoff weight alt= 14,881 lb
more general=
engine (prop)= Nakajima Ha.115
type of prop= radial engines
number of props=2
power main= 843 kW
power alt= 1,130 hp
power original=
max speed main= 505 km/h
max speed alt= 273 knots, 314 mph
max speed more= at 5,600 m (18,375 ft)
cruise speed main=
cruise speed alt=
never exceed speed main=
never exceed speed alt=
stall speed main=
stall speed alt=
range main= 2,400 km
range alt= 1,296 nm, 1,491 mi
ceiling main= 10,100 m
ceiling alt= 33,135 ft
climb rate main=
climb rate alt=
loading main=
loading alt=
power/mass main=
power/mass alt=
more performance=
armament=
* 3 × 7.7 mm (0.303 in) Type 89 machine guns, in nose, dorsal and ventral positions
* 800 kg (1,764 lb) of bombs
avionics=

See also

aircontent
related=
similar aircraft=
* Bristol Blenheim
lists=
* List of military aircraft of Japan
* List of aircraft of Japan, World War II
* List of bomber aircraft
see also=

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Bueschel, Richard M. "Kawasaki Ki.48-I/II Sokei in Japanese Army Air Force-CNAF & IPSF Service, Aircam No.32". Canterbury, Kent, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1972. ISBN 0-85045-133-7.
* Francillon, René J. "Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War". London: Putnam and Company, 1970 (2nd edition 1979). ISBN 0-370-30251-6.

External links

* [http://www.century-of-flight.freeola.com/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/Kawasaki%20Ki%2048%20Lily.htm Century of Flight]
* [http://www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org/IJARG/kawasakiki48.html Warbirds Resource Group]
* [http://avia.russian.ee/air/japan/kawasaki_ki-48.php Virtual Aircraft Museum]