Phytoecdysteroid

Phytoecdysteroids are plant derived ecdysteroids. Phytoecdysteroids are a class of chemicals that plants synthesize for defense against phytophagous (plant eating)insects. These compounds are exact replicas of hormones used by the arthropod (insect) and crustacean (crab/lobster) families in the molting process known as ecdysis. When insects eat the plants with these chemicals they may prematurely molt, lose weight, or suffer other metabolic damage and die.

Chemically, phytoecdysteroids are classed as triterpenoids, the group of compounds that includes triterpene saponins, phytosterols, and phytoecdysteroids. Plants, but not animals, synthesize phytoecdysteroids from mevalonic acid in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell using acetyl-CoA as a precursor.

Over 250 ecdysteroid analogs have been identified so far in plants, and Dinan has been theorized that there are over 1,000 possible structures which might occur in nature. [Dinan L. 2001, "Phytoecdysteroids: biological aspects".Phytochemistry 57:325-339] Dinan also theorizes that many more plants have the ability to "turn on" the production of phytoecdysteroids when under stress, animal attack or other conditions. [Dinan L, Savchenko T, Whiting P 2001, "On the distribution of phytoecdysteroids in plants". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58(8):1121-1132]

These phytoecdysteroids have medicinal value and are part of herbal adaptogenic remedies like cordyceps, a fungus that grows out of the larvae of several insect species. (Although fungi are technically not plants, "fungalecdysteroid" does not exist as a category and phytoecdysteroid is the term used.) Medicinal plants tested to include phytoecdysteroids include Achyranthes bidentata [Gao XY, Wang DW, Li FM 2000, "Determination ofecdysterone in Achyranthes bidentata Bl. and its activity promoting proliferation of osteoblast-like cells". Yao Xue Xue Bao 35(11):868-870] , Tinospora cordifolia [Song CQ & RS Xu 1991, "Phytoecdysones from the roots of Tinospora capillipes". Chinese Chemical Letters 2(1):13-14] , Pfaffia paniculata [Courtheyn D, Le Bizec B, Brambilla G et al 2002, "Recent developments in the use and abuse of growth promoters."Analytica Chemica Acta 473:71-82] Leuzea carthamoides [Pis J, Budesinsky M, Vokac K et al 1994, Ecdysteroids from the roots of Leuzea carthamoides. Phytochemistry 37(3):707-711] , Rhaponticum uniflorum (Zhang et al 2002), and Serratula coronata [Bathori M, Kalasz H, Csikkelne SA et al 1999, "Components of Serratula species; screening for ecdysteroid and inorganic constitutents of some Serratula plants." Acta Pharmacology Hungary 69(2):72-76] . The ginsengs and Eleutherococcus have not been studied for these compounds but exhibit similar characteristics. [ [http://www.rrreading.com/files/ecdysteroids_rklein.pdf Phytoecdysteroids] by Robyn Klein]

ee also

* Plant defense against herbivory

External links

* [http://www.solid-gains.com/study/phytoecdysteroids/ Phytoecdysteroids information]

References