Richard MacNeish

Richard Stockton MacNeish (April 29, 1918 – January 16, 2001), known to many as "Scotty", was an American archaeologist. His fieldwork revolutionized the understanding of the development agriculture in the New World, the prehistory of several regions of Canada, the United States and Central and South America. He pioneered new methods in fieldwork and materials analysis and brought attention to the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. His legacy also includes an influence on generations of archaeologists.

Early life and education

Richard Stockton MacNeish was born April 29, 1918 in New York City. His interest in archaeology started at a young age, sparked by a hastily created report on the Maya for an art history class when he was twelve. A year later he wrote to prominent Maya archeologist Dr. A.V. Kidder asking for a job at his dig at Chichen Itza. Although his request was gently refused, Kidder encouraged MacNeish to study hard and become an archaeologist. [MacNeish (1978, pp.2–3)]

In 1936, MacNeish started his university career at Colgate College and participated in several archeological field schools in New York and Arizona where he learned important excavation techniques that he would later modify to create his own method. [Flannery and Marcus (2001)] Of this time, MacNeish writes: “My energy was boundless: I dug, I hiked, I climbed cliffs, I learned, I went to dances, I mixed cement by hand, I caught rattlesnakes, I packed mules. Most important, I did and talked archaeology morning, noon, and night – and loved every moment of it”. [MacNeish (1978, p.6)] . He continued to be influenced by Dr. Kidder as he learned excavation techniques from George Brainerd which contributed to his formation of the La Perre technique.

At the urging of several Southwestern archaeologists, MacNeish prepared to transfer to the University of Chicago to study under Fay-Cooper Cole. Before doing so, however, he had an unrelated feat to achieve. As a child, his mother enrolled him in boxing lessons and he had become quite accomplished. Now, he wanted to win a Golden Gloves championship. He did so in New York in 1938, wearing a kilt in the final bout as a tribute to his Scottish ancestry. This skill continued to provide him with spending money during his student years. [Rolett (2003, xiii–xiv)] At the University of Chicago, he participated in field schools that exposed him to the methods and theories of James A. Ford, William Haag, Jesse D. Jennings, John Cotter, Glen Black, Tom Lewis, Madeline Kneberg. In addition, he was heavily influenced by Julian Steward’s "Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups" (1938). [Flannery and Marcus (2001)] He earned his B.A. in 1940, his M.A. in 1944 and his Ph.D in 1949. That same year, while working in the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico, MacNeish discovered primitive corncobs of a very early date and the resulting, life-long interest in the origins of agriculture and society that would take him throughout Central and South America, eventually, to China and, nearly, to Turkey. This last trip was put on hold when doctors ordered him to rest after a mild heart attack. [Rolett (2003, xiii)] After a long, varied and influential career, Richard MacNeish died in his 83rd year as a result of a car accident while on a tour of Maya sites in Belize, on January 16, 2001.

Academic career

Shortly before his transfer to Chicago, during continued fieldwork in Arizona, MacNeish set out his future goals. “First I would learn to dig well and skillfully, then I would become able to analyze archaeological findings, and finally I would become a theoretician”. [Quote from MacNeish (1978, p.7).] It was during his fieldwork as an undergraduate and graduate student that he worked on his first goal. At field schools across the United States, MacNeish absorbed the knowledge and techniques of anyone he worked with. Synthesis of this knowledge came to fruition during fieldwork in Temaulipas. Here MacNeish made one of his important contributions to the field methods of archaeologists, fulfilling his first goal. He pioneered a method of excavating caves that involved the stripping the strata off of alternate squares from a vertical profile. This allowed for greater detail and more meaningful divisions of an excavation. Where many previous methods involved digging by arbitrary levels, the new method — dubbed the La Perre technique after the cave in which it was first developed — dug each distinct strata, or floor, separately. [MacNeish (1978, p.10)]

His discovery in these caves of very early corncobs also brought home to him the importance of interdisciplinary studies as he struggled to get dating and identification information on his samples. [MacNeish (1967, p.3)] He realized that in getting an education archaeologists, “…spend much of their time learning phonemics, personality and culture, esoteric kinship systems, strange customs of primitive peoples, and so forth and do not have time for fields like botany, zoology, pollen analysis, soils, and geology – all disciplines they will have to use” [MacNeish (1978, p.22)] In order to rectify this, MacNeish began to involve experts outside of archaeology in many of his field studies. This policy was very well demonstrated in his excavations in the Tehuacan Valley and Ayacucho, Peru which resulted in multi-volume publications which analyzed the sites “utilizing the skills of all appropriate scientific fields”. [MacNeish (1967, p.6)]

In 1949, MacNeish went to work for the National Museum of Canada. With this he began a system of spending his summers surveying and excavating in Northern and Western Canada and his winters searching for evidence of the origins of agriculture across Central America. “MacNeish enjoyed saying ‘I have as much sense as a duck – I fly south in the winter’”. [Quoted in Rolett (2003, xiv).] Realizing that a random search for sites over these huge swathes of territory would be difficult and inefficient, he pioneered a five step process that was based on making and then testing hypotheses about ancient environments and human behavior in them. These steps were:

# Initial background preparation on area to be surveyed
# Preliminary hypothesis…based on background materials and cultural sequential generalizations…
# Testing hypothesis in the field, modifying and setting up new hypotheses, testing them, and so on.
# Field analysis of artifacts from sites to establish preliminary chronology…and to determine potential stratified sites or sites with special features.
# Resurvey for contextual data and special problems. [See MacNeish (1978, p.15).]

Using this process, he discovered hundreds of new sites and gained a reputation for “lucky” finds, while actually advancing the scientific foundation of archaeology.

MacNeish added to the understanding and analysis of archaeological materials through the championing of the interdisciplinary approach. In addition, his work on the standardization and computerization of lithic-attribute terminology enabled more sophisticated statistical analysis and generalization of the results. [MacNeish (1978, p.39)] His ceramic analysis helped to reevaluate the prehistory of the Iroquois, disputing the idea that they had developed elsewhere and then migrated into their historic territory. His method of analysis demonstrated continuity between historic period groups and prehistoric complexes in the same areas. [MacNeish (1978, pp.35–36)]

In addition to the field and lab work MacNeish has been a professor at Boston University and the University of Calgary, where he helped to found their Department of Archaeology. He was the Whidden Lecturer at McMaster University, Senior Archaeologist at the National Museum of Canada, and was the director of the Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology in Andover, Massachusetts. When he left the museum in 1983, instead of retiring, he established the Andover Foundation for Archaeological Research (AFAR), named himself Director of Research and continued his work in the American Southwest and China.

Awards and honors

MacNeish was awarded honorary degrees from the Universidad de San Cristobal de Huamanga in Ayacucho, Peru and Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada. He was elected to the National Academy of Science, British Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. He served as President of the Society for American Archaeology and has received numerous awards, including the Kidder Medal from the American Anthropological Association, the Spinden Medal for Archaeology from the Smithsonian Institution, and the Fiftieth Anniversary Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Archaeology from the Society for American Archaeology. In addition he has been honored by institutions for his work in Mexico, China and his Iroquois research. [Flannery and Marcus (2001)]

Legacy

MacNeish’s ultimate goal was to make archeology more of a science. He was a processual archeologist who championed the necessity of experimental archaeology [MacNeish (1978, p.44)] and hypothesis testing [MacNeish (1978, p.233)] in the exploration of human cultural ecology. By adopting, creating or championing methods that made archaeological results more generalizable and amenable to hypothesis testing MacNeish was attempting to learn, and teach, about the broader patterns of social change that can inform our choices in the future; he wished to use archaeology to improve the human condition. “…laws of cultural change may be of use not only in explaining the past, but more important, in predicting the future or at least indicating the steps in cultural change we might take in the future”. [Quote from MacNeish (1978, xi).] His ultimate legacy, the sum total of all of his individual accomplishments in methodology and theory, was his commitment to archaeology as a science that could produce laws and theories to aid humanity in the future. In his autobiographical discussion of American archaeology (1978), MacNeish writes, “We are still fumbling along, perfecting techniques as well as improving methodology, and our field – as well as I – have a long way to go”. [MacNeish (1978, p.45)]

MacNeish was constantly calling for others to question his conclusions and improve his methods to further advance the science of archeology and its ability to speak to society’s needs. As a result, his greatest legacy is probably his influence on and encouragement of students, other archeologists and professionals he worked with. One of these students, Barry Rolett, recalls how “MacNeish encouraged and invested his time in students like me because he loved to share the excitement of archaeology” and “led by example and he used his considerable influence more to help others than for his own personal gain”. [Rolett (2003, xiii)]

Published works

By his own accounting, Richard MacNeish “spent 8,071 days in the field and wrote more than 9 million words”. [As recounted by Flannery and Marcus (2001).] Because of his prolific career, only a few of his publications will be listed here.
*For information on his life and on American archeology: The Science of Archaeology?, 1978
*For his theories on agriculture and civilization world wide: The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life, 1992 (ISBN 0806123648)
*For reports on his big field projects: The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley Vol. 1-5, 1967-1972, or Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru Vol. 1-4, 1980-83 (Ed. by MacNeish)
*On the Iroquois: Iroquois pottery types: A technique for the study of Iroquois prehistory, 1952 (in the Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada)
*On Chinese agriculture: Origins of Rice Agriculture: The Preliminary Report of the Sino-American Jiangxi (PRC) Project: SAJOR, 1995 (with J.G. Libby, in Publications in Anthropology, No. 13)Many other works can be found in a variety of publications.

See also

* Agriculture in Mesoamerica
* Domesticated plants of Mesoamerica

Footnotes

References

: cite book |author=aut|Flannery, Kent V. |authorlink=Kent V. Flannery |coauthors=and aut|Joyce Marcus |year=2001 |chapter=Richard Stockton MacNeish, 1918-2001 |chapterurl=http://books.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/rmacneish.pdf |format=PDF |title=Biographical Memoirs, Volume 80 |editor=National Academy of Sciences |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=National Academy Press |pages=pp.200–225|isbn=0-309-08281-1: cite web |author=aut|McCoubrey, Carmel |year=2001 |title=Richard MacNeish, Agricultural Archaeologist, Dies at 82 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E3D9113FF933A05752C0A9679C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=2007-12-07: cite book |author=aut|MacNeish, Richard S. |year=1967 |chapter=Introduction |title=The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol.1: Environment and Subsistence |editor=Douglas S. Byers |location=Austin |publisher=University of Texas Press: cite book |author=aut|MacNeish, Richard S. |year=1978 |title=The Science of Archaeology? |location=North Scituate |publisher=Duxbury Press: cite book |author=aut|MacNeish, Richard S. |year=1992 |title=The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press: cite book |author=aut|Rolett, Barry V. |year=2003 |chapter=Forward: A Tribute to R.S. MacNeish |title=Pendejo Cave |editor=Richard S. MacNeish and Jane G. Libby |location=Albuquerque |publisher=University of New Mexico Press