Rosy bitterling

Taxobox
name = Rosy Bitterling


regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Actinopterygii
ordo = Cypriniformes
familia = Cyprinidae
genus = Rhodeus
genus_authority = Agassiz, 1832
species = "R. ocellatus"
binomial = "Rhodeus ocellatus"
binomial_authority = Kner, 1866Verify source|date=August 2008
subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
subdivision = "R. o. ocellatus"
Kner, 1866
"R. o. kurumeus" ("R. o. smithi")
Jordan & Thompson, 1914
(Regan, 1908)Verify source|date=August 2008

The Rosy bitterling ("Rhodeus ocellatus") is a small fresh-water fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae (carp) and genus "Rhodeus". Females are approximately 40-50mm long and males range from 50-80mm. Their bodies are flat with an argent-colored luster. However, males change to a reddish (sometimes purple) color during the spawning season (Mar~Sep) which functions to attract females. This reddish color is similar to the color of a red rose, which is why it is called a Rosy Bitterling. [ 加納義彦. ニッポンバラタナゴの保護と環境保全.　第５回日本水大賞受賞活動集.　日本水大賞顕彰制度委員会.　42－45. 2003. ]

Ecology and Reproductive system

Rosy bitterlings live in farm ponds (reservoirs) where freshwater mussels are abundant. Farm ponds are very important habitat for not only rosy bitterlings themselves also mussels and planktons. Freshwater mussels such as Dobugai play an important role in Rosy Bitterling reproduction.

Every female rosy bitterling has a unique pipe about the same length as its own body that is used for laying eggs on a (specific spot of mussels). Usually 2-3 eggs are laid at once and placed at the gill of the mussel. A male spawns into the gill cavity of the mussels right after a female lays eggs to ensure fertilization. [Kanoh, Y. 2000. Reproductive success associated with territoriality, sneaking, and grouping in male Rosy Bitterlings, Rhodeus ocellatus (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 57: 143-154] Normally a female lays eggs repeatedly at 6-9 day intervals and about 10 times in a season.

Eggs grow in the mussel gill and juveniles stay inside of the mussel for approximately 15~30 days after fertilization. Eggs hatch after about 3 days when juveniles are about 2.8 mm long. The body has a unique shape resembling the bud of a matsutake mushroom. Juveniles swim out of the mussel from the margin of the excurrent siphon. At this point, juveniles are about 7.5 mm long and about the same shape as adults. [ Nagata, Y. 1976. Reproductive behavior of a bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner). Physiol. Ecol. Japan 17: 85-90 (in Japanese) ] Usually juveniles grow around 40-50 mm within one year at which point they become adults. "R. o. kurumeus"(Nippon baratanago) live for approximately 3 years and rarely exceed this lifespan. [Kimura, S., and Nagata, Y. 1992. Scientific name of Nipponbaratanago, Japanese bitterling of the genus Rhodeus. Japan.J.Ichthyol. 38: 425-429 ]

ubspecies

thumb|right|"R. o. kurumeus">
(Nippon baratanago Sex M)
thumb|right|"R. o. ocellatus">
(Tairiku baratanago Sex M)
thumb|right|"R. o. ocellatus">
(Tairiku baratanago Sex F) "Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus" which is used to be called "R. o. smithi" (Nippon baratanago) is a Japanese native species but "Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus" (Tairiku baratanago) is found in China, Taiwan, as well as in Japan. Nippon baratanago was widely spread in the west side of Japan (Kyushu and western part of Honshu) before World War II. In 1942 Tairiku baratanago was accidentally introduced with grass (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) from mainland China to Japan. [Kawamura, K., Nagata, Y., Ohtaka, H., Kanoh, Y., and Kitamura, J. 2001. Genetic diversity in the Japanese rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus (Cyprinidae). Ichthyol Res 48: 369-378]

These two subspecies are morphologically very similar but there are several distinguishing characters such as the number of longitudinal scales, principal rays in the dorsal and anal fins, and shape of eggs. Also, "R. o. ocellatus" (Tairiku baratanago) has a silvery-white area anteriorly (white lines) on the ventral fin but "R. o. kurumeus" (Nippon baratanago) does not. In comparison the ventral fin of "R. o. kurumeus" (Nippon baratanago) is a dark color. [Nagata, Y., T. Tetsukawa, T. Kobayashi and K. Numachi. 1996. Genetic markers distinguishing between the two subspecies of the rosy bitterling, "Rhodeus ocellatus"(Cyprinidae). Japan. J. Ichthyol. 43: 117-124] Another notable difference is body size. "R. o. kurumeus" (Nippon baratanago) do not commonly exceed 60mm in length, whereas males of "R. O. ocellatus" are larger than 80mm and females of this subspecies commonly exceed 60mm (Tairiku baratanago). [ Kimura, S., and Nagata, Y. 1992. Scientific name of Nipponbaratanago, Japanese bitterling of the genus Rhodeus. Japan.J.Ichthyol. 38: 425-429]

tatus

"Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus" (Nippon baratanago) was widely distributed in small ponds, reservoir, and creeks in Kyushu and the western part of Japan. However, since "Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus" (Tairiku baratanago) was introduced, the population of Tairiku baratanago has been increasing dramatically all over Japan. By coexisting those two species in many area it tended to occur hybridization easily. Taxobox
color = pink
name = "R. o. kurumeus" (Nippon Baratanago)
status = CR
status_system = iucn2.3In fact hybridization and subsequent gene introgression has been observed within these subspecies in Kashima and Ogori. [ Miyake, K., Tachida, H., Oshima, Y., Arai, R., Kimura, S., Imada, N., and Honjo, T. 2000. Genetic variation of the cytochrome b gene in the rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae) in Japan. Ichthyol Res 48: 105-110] Because of these interbreeding events the number of "R.o.kurumeus" has dramatically declined all over Japan and now the population of "R. o. kurumeus" (Nippon baratanago) is in danger of extinction. In 1994 "R. o. kurumeus" ("R. o. smithi", Nippon baratanago) was on the IUCN Red List as an endangered species, and now it is critically Endangered. Nippon baratanago ("R. o. kurumeus") is also listed as a critically endangered species on the Japanese Red Data Book. [Kawamura, K., Nagata, Y., Ohtaka, H., Kanoh, Y., and Kitamura, J. 2001. Genetic diversity in the Japanese rosy bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus (Cyprinidae). Ichthyol Res 48: 369-378]

Conservation

Environmental pollution, reservoir conditions, etc. have propagated the decline of native Japanese Rosy bitterlings in various places. Also, because the numbers of black basses and bluegills increase in such places, the amount of food availability for rosy bitterling declines.

Since "R. o. kurumeus" (Nippon baratanago) is critically endangered, non-profit organizations and study groups were established in Japan to help protect this subspecies.

Yao study group, one of the Japanese rose bittering conservation group, started activities for protecting endangered Nippon baratanago. For example this organization (Yao city, Osaka) made the protection pond in May 1999 where 41 male and 60 female Nippon baratanago were released with prawns. Also, 45 fresh-water mussels were transplanted at the same time. They monitored and collected data regularity through 2001. In 2000 they succeeded in increasing the Nippon baratanago population to 6000 individuals and they transferred 500 individuals to another 5 ponds from the protected pond. However, in 2001 few individuals were collected. Due to the poor water quality this year compared to previous years, the study group concluded that eutrophication has a negative effect on reproduction in the Rosy bitterling. Since then, Yao study group has considered designing new purification system to conserve Japanese native rosy bitterling. They also educate children (as an environmental study) CHANGE THIS for the next generation. [Kanoh, Y., Yoshinaka, T., Takemoto, Y., Iwasaki, and Y., Nishino, T. (Yao study group of Japanese rose bitterling) 2002. Conservation of Japanese rose bitterling Rhodeus ocellatus kurumeus. (in Japanese) 第11期 プロ・ナトゥーラ・ファンド助成成果報告書]

References

External links

* [http://www.springerlink.com/content/y263k60831041961/ Genetic markers distinguishing between the two subspecies of the rosy bitterling,Rhodeus ocellatus (Cyprinidae)]
* [http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=4784 Species summary for Rhodeus ocellatus ( Rosy bitterling )]
*
* [http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/R/Rhodeus_ocellatus_smithii.asp Tazonomy summary for R.o.kurumeus (nippon baratanago)]
* [http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/R/Rhodeus_ocellatus_ocellatus.asp Taxonomy summary for R.o.ocellatus (tairiku baratanago)]
* [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/40704/all IUCN Red List]
* [http://www.jpnrdb.com/search.php?mode=map&q=0502060010046 Japanese Red List Data] 日本環境庁（現・環境省）レッドリスト
* [http://www.purety.jp/fish/ Conservation of Nippon Baratanago] 香川淡水魚研究会
* [http://www.kawachi.zaq.ne.jp/dpbva000/index.html Conservation of Nippon Baratanago and its Evironment] ニッポンバラタナゴの保護と環境保全

Photo links

* [http://www.kawachi.zaq.ne.jp/dpbva000/kids/kids01.html Conservation of Nippon Baratanago and its Evironment] 　ニッポンバラタナゴの保護と環境保全
* [http://comiya.net/fish/order/coi_mc/coi_ca/balatanago_zc/nipponbalatanago.html Photo of Nippon Baratanago] 日本バラタナゴ専門
* [http://comiya.net/fish/order/coi_mc/coi_ca/balatanago_zc/tairicbalatanago.html Photo of Tairiku Baratanago] タイリクバラタナゴ専門]