- Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Nietzsche 's influence and reception was heterogeneous and may roughly be divided into various chronological periods.Members on both the left and the right-wing tried to appropriate his works quite early. In 1937,Georges Bataille advocated against any instrumentalization of his works, which was by itself opposed to any simple-minded interpretation, much less to a unifiedideology granting predominance to one principle above all .Nietzsche 's reception has proved a rather confused and complex affair. Many Germans eventually discovered his appeals for greater individualism and personality development in "Thus Spoke Zarathustra", but responded to those appeals in diverging ways. He had some following among left-wing Germans in the 1890s; in 1894–95, German conservatives wanted to ban his work as subversive. During the late 19th century Nietzsche's ideas were commonly associated with anarchist movements and appear to have had influence within them, particularly in France and the United States. [O. Ewald, "German Philosophy in 1907", in The Philosophical Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul., 1908, pp. 400-426; T. A. Riley, "Anti-Statism in German Literature, as Exemplified by the Work of John Henry Mackay", in PMLA, Vol. 62, No. 3, Sep., 1947, pp. 828-843; C. E. Forth, "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891-95", in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 54, No. 1, Jan., 1993, pp. 97-117]By the
First World War , however, he had acquired a reputation as a source of right-wing Germanmilitarism . TheDreyfus Affair provides another example of his reception: the French anti-semitic Right labelled the Jewish and Leftist intellectuals who defendedAlfred Dreyfus as "Nietzscheans" Fact|date=April 2007.Perhaps Nietzsche's greatest political legacy lies in his 20th century interpreters, among them
Martin Heidegger ,Pierre Klossowski ,Georges Bataille ,Michel Foucault ,Gilles Deleuze (andFélix Guattari ), andJacques Derrida . Foucault's later writings, for example, adopt Nietzsche's genealogical method to develop anti-foundationalist theories of power that divide and fragment rather than unite polities (as evinced in the liberal tradition of political theory). Deleuze, arguably the foremost of Nietzsche's interpreters, used the much-maligned 'will to power' thesis in tandem with Marxian notions of commodity surplus and Freudian ideas of desire to articulate concepts such the rhizome and other 'outsides' to state power as traditionally conceived.Nietzsche and anarchism
During the 19th century, Nietzsche was frequently associated with anarchist movements, in spite of the fact that in his writings he seems to hold a negative view of anarchists. [In "Beyond Good and Evil" (6.2:126) he refers to "anarchist dogs"] This may be the result of a popular association during this period between his ideas and those of
Max Stirner , who wrote a work that proved influential among individualist anarchists. The two men were frequently compared by French "literary anarchists" and anarchist interpretations of Nietzschean ideas appear to have been influential in the United States as well. [O. Ewald, "German Philosophy in 1907", in The Philosophical Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, Jul., 1908, pp. 400-426; T. A. Riley, "Anti-Statism in German Literature, as Exemplified by the Work of John Henry Mackay", in PMLA, Vol. 62, No. 3, Sep., 1947, pp. 828-843; C. E. Forth, "Nietzsche, Decadence, and Regeneration in France, 1891-95", in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 54, No. 1, Jan., 1993, pp. 97-117; see also Robert C. Holub's "Nietzsche: Socialist, Anarchist, Feminist", an essay available online at the University of California, Berkeley website.]Nietzsche and fascists
"See also Nietzsche's criticisms of anti-Semitism and nationalism".
Hitler often visited the museum in Weimar on Nietzsche and posed for photos looking intently at the bust of Nietzsche. The Nazi movement found much affinity with Nietzsche's ideas including his attacks against democracy, Christianity and parliamentary governments, his preaching in "
The will to power " where Nietzsche proclaimed the coming of a ruling race that would become the "lords of the earth," his praise of war and the belief in a coming master race and the superman. The Nazis also borrowed Nietzsche's views on women saying 'They belong in the kitchen and their chief role in life is to beget children for German warriors' or as Nietzsche put it 'Man shall be trained for war and woman for the procreation of the warrior, any thing else is folly [William Lawrence Shirer The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, 1960 Pages 99-101.]The German Nazi Party misrepresented and exploited Nietzsche's work through selective readings. During the
interbellum , certain Nazis employed a highly selective reading of Nietzsche's work to advance their ideology, notablyAlfred Baeumler in his reading of "The Will to Power". The era of Nazi rule (1933 – 1945) saw Nietzsche's writings widely studied in German (and, after 1938, Austrian) schools and universities. Although there exist few — if any — similarities between Nietzsche's political views and Nazism, phrases like "the will to power" became common in Nazi circles. The wide popularity of Nietzsche among Nazis stemmed in part from the endeavors of his sister,Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche , the editor of Nietzsche's work after his 1889 breakdown, and an eventual Nazi sympathizer. Moreover,Mazzino Montinari , while editing Nietzsche's posthumous works in the 1960s, found that Förster-Nietzsche, while editing the posthumous fragments making up "The Will to Power ", had cut extracts, changed their order, added titles of her own invention, included passages of others authors copied by Nietzsche as if they had been written by Nietzsche himself, etc. [Mazzino Montinari , "La Volonté de puissance" n'existe pas",Editions de l'Eclat , 1996 ]Georges Bataille was one of the first to denounce the deliberate misinterpretation of Nietzsche carried out by Nazis, including Bauemler andAlfred Rosenberg . He dedicated in January 1937 an issue of "Acéphale ", titled "Reparations to Nietzsche," to the theme "Nietzsche and the Fascists. ." There, he calledElisabeth Förster-Nietzsche "Elisabeth Judas-Förster," recalling Nietzsche's declaration: "To never frequent anyone whom is involved in this bare-faced fraud concerning races."Georges Bataille , [http://i.a.m.free.fr/acephale/ "Nietzsche and Fascists"] in "Acéphale ", January 1937 ]Nietzsche and psychoanalysis
The psychologist
Carl Jung recognized Nietzsche's importance early on: he held a seminar on Nietzsche's "Zarathustra" in 1934. [Jung Timeline, [http://jung.freudfile.org/timeline.html] ] According toErnest Jones , biographer and personal acquaintance ofSigmund Freud , Freud frequently referred to Nietzsche as having "more penetrating knowledge of himself than any man who ever lived or was likely to live". [Jones, "The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud"] Yet Jones also reports that Freud emphatically denied that Nietzsche's writings influenced his own psychological discoveries. Moreover, Freud took no interest in philosophy while a medical student, forming his opinion about Nietzsche later in life.Feminist Luce Irigaray , who participated inJacques Lacan 's seminars, wrote a book titled "Marine Lover: Of Friedrich Nietzsche" (1980).Early 20th-century thinkers
Early twentieth-century thinkers influenced by Nietzsche include: philosophers
Martin Heidegger ,Ludwig Wittgenstein ,Oswald Spengler ,Ernst Jünger ,Theodor Adorno ,Georg Brandes ,Henri Bergson ,Martin Buber ,Jean-Paul Sartre ,Albert Camus ,Michel Foucault ,Emil Cioran ,Miguel de Unamuno ,Lev Shestov ,José Ortega y Gasset andMuhammad Iqbal ; sociologistsFerdinand Tönnies andMax Weber ; historiansFernand Braudel [ SeeFernand Braudel 's preface to "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II", where he says he had been largely influenced by the Second "Untimely Meditation " ] andPaul Veyne , theologianPaul Tillich ; novelistsMarcel Proust ,Franz Kafka ,Thomas Mann ,Hermann Hesse ,André Malraux ,André Gide ,James Joyce ,D. H. Lawrence andVladimir Bartol ; psychologistsSigmund Freud ,C. G. Jung ,Alfred Adler ,Abraham Maslow ,Carl Rogers , andRollo May ; poetsRainer Maria Rilke ,Friedrich Georg Jünger , andWilliam Butler Yeats ; playwrightsGeorge Bernard Shaw andEugene O'Neill ; and authorsMenno ter Braak , Richard Wright andJack London . American writerH.L. Mencken avidly read and translated Nietzsche's works and has gained the sobriquet "the American Nietzsche". Nietzsche was declared ananarchist byEmma Goldman , and he influenced other anarchists such asGuy Aldred ,Rudolf Rocker ,Max Cafard andJohn Moore .G. K. Chesterton expressed his contempt for Nietzsche's ideas in this manner:Thomas Mann 's essays mention Nietzsche with respect and even adoration, although one of his final essays, "Nietzsche's Philosophy in the Light of Recent History," looks at his favorite philosopher through the lens of Nazism and World War II and ends up placing Nietzsche at a more critical distance. Many of Nietzsche's ideas, particularly on artists andaesthetics , are incorporated and explored throughout Mann's works. One of the characters in Mann's 1947 novel "Doktor Faustus " represents Nietzsche fictionally. In 1938 the German existentialistKarl Jaspers wrote the following about the influence of Nietzsche and Søren Kierkegaard:Nietzsche after World War II
The appropriation of Nietzsche's work by the Nazis, combined with the rise of
analytic philosophy , ensured that British and American academic philosophers would almost completely ignore him until at least 1950. EvenGeorge Santayana , an American philosopher whose life and work betray some similarity to Nietzsche's, dismissed Nietzsche in his 1916 "Egotism in German Philosophy" as a "prophet of Romanticism". Analytic philosophers, if they mentioned Nietzsche at all, characterized him as a literary figure rather than as a philosopher. Nietzsche's present stature in the English-speaking world owes much to the exegetical writings and improved Nietzsche translations by the German-American philosopher Walter Kaufmann.Nietzsche's influence on
continental philosophy increased dramatically after the Second World War, especially among the French intellectual Left and post-structuralists.Jacques Derrida ,Jean-Luc Nancy , andMichel Foucault all owe a heavy debt to Nietzsche.Gilles Deleuze andPierre Klossowski wrote monographs drawing new attention to Nietzsche's work, and a 1972 conference at Cérisy-la-Salle ranks as the most important event in France for a generation's reception of Nietzsche. In Germany interest in Nietzsche was revived from the 1980s onwards, particularly by the German philosopherPeter Sloterdijk , who has devoted several essays to Nietzsche.In recent years, Nietzsche has also influenced members of the
analytical philosophy tradition, such asBernard Williams in his last finished book, "Truth And Truthfulness: An Essay In Genealogy" (2002).Certain recent Nietzschean exegetes have emphasized the more untimely and politically controversial aspects of Nietzsche's philosophy. Works such as Bruce Detwiler's "Nietzsche and the Politics of Aristocratic Radicalism" (University of Chicago Press, 1990), Fredrick Appel's "Nietzsche Contra Democracy" (Cornell University Press, 1998), and Domenico Losurdo's "Nietzsche, il ribelle aristocratico" (Turin: Bollati Boringhieri, 2002) challenge the prevalent liberal interpretive consensus on Nietzsche and assert that Nietzsche's elitism was not merely an aesthetic pose but an ideological attack on the widely held belief in
equal rights of the modern West, locating Nietzsche in the conservative-revolutionary tradition.Further reading
*cite book
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title =I Am Not A Man, I Am Dynamite!: Friedrich Nietzsche and the Anarchist Tradition
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