Brittle Books Program

The Brittle Books Program is an initiative carried out by the National Endowment for the Humanities at the request of the United States Congress. The initiative began officially between 1988 and 1989 and was to involve the eventual microfilming of over 3 million endangered volumes.

Purpose

In the beginning half of the 20th Century it became apparent that the use of acidic wood-pulp paper, common since the 1850s, was causing paper materials to slowly burn. This has been referred to as the slow fire. In a statement submitted to the House of Representatives, it was estimated that there were 80 million brittle books in North American libraries, 12 million of which were unique titles. As mass deacidification efforts proved costly and inconsistent, librarians and archivists began looking for more practical ways to preserve the intellectual content of the decaying material. Microfilm, one of the most stable and durable mediums around at the time, was seen as the most reasonable alternative.

History

*1987 - At a hearing in the House of Representatives in the (100th Congress, 1st session) a subcommittee addressed the problem of "brittle books in our nation's libraries."
*1988 - On March 17, Patricia Battin, president of the Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA), testified before the U.S. House of Representatives, Subcommittee on Interior and Related Agencies (Committee on Appropriations) to propose a collaborative approach to preserving the nation's brittle books and to ask for an increase in federal funding for preservation microfilming. [ [http://www.nhalliance.org/testimony/1988/88testimony-pbattin.html NHA Testimony: Patricia M. Battin, 17 March 1988 ] ] In October, an appropriations bill for fiscal year 1989 gave the National Endowment for the Humanities $12.5 million. Eight million dollars of that went to instituting a twenty-year program to microfilm endangered volumes. [ [http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/timeline.html Timeline ] ]
*1995 - The program was assessed to be on schedule and 25% complete.

*Roughly 50,000 brittle and endangered volumes are microfilmed each year. [ [http://www.neh.gov/news/report97/preserv.html Preservation and Access ] ] [ [http://www.neh.gov/news/report98/preserv.htm Division of Preservation and Access ] ] [ [http://www.neh.gov/news/report99/preserv.htm Division of Preservation and Access ] ] [ [http://www.neh.gov/news/report2000/preserv.html Division of Preservation and Access ] ] [ [http://www.neh.gov/news/report2001/preserv.html aR2001-Division of Preservation and Access ] ]

William Barrow was a pioneer conservator in the library science field. He connected the paper strength or lack thereof (brittle paper)to the acidity of the groundwood used to make wood pulp after the 1850s. .cite web |coauthor Timoth Barrett |Cynthia Mosier |date=1994 |url=http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v13/bp13-02.html|title=The Role of Gelatin in Paper Permanency II|publisher= [http://aic.stanford.edu/ American Institute for Conservation.] The Book and Paper Annual vol.13] With his own observations of his collection and tests conducted, he announced to the library community that acid deterioration begins to show signs after 20,40 and 80 years.

Structure

As with other National Endowment for the Humanities programs, this is a partnership program. This means that institutions such as archives and libraries must apply for grants in order to participate. After applying, the institution is rigorously reviewed. Should the institution be accepted, they are required to share at least 33% of the program's costs. Unlike the other National Endowment for the Humanities preservation funding initiatives, there is no requirement that an institution in each state must be awarded a grant. The projects are largely run at the state level with the National Endowment for the Humanities providing methodologies, assuring a standard level of quality, and connecting the efforts of the various institutions. In order to be awarded a grant as part of the Brittle Books Program, institutions had to abide by five basic conditions:
*1. That they abide by the national standard
*2. That they create three copies of all material: a master negative, a print negative, and a service copy
*3. That a record adhering to national standards be entered into a national bibliographic database
*4. That interlibrary loan copies be readily available
*5. That storage conditions meet that of the national standard [ [http://www.nhalliance.org/testimony/1995/95testimony-pbattin.html NHA Testimony: Patricia M. Battin, 31 March 1995 ] ]

Preservation Issues

Deacidification

While there is a deacidification [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_deacidification] method that can successfully lower the acidity in Brittle Books, many public libraries do not have the funding to implement standard programs to halt the slow burn taking place in these institutions. Some repositories have the resources to send books for a deacidification wash in stages, others have access to some sort of digitization method such as microform [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microform] or PDF, and others utilize the ability to make preservation-quality photocopies.

Deacidification washes are usually a viable option for most repositories as books can be sent in bulk; however, only books of excellent physical quality may be sent. The wash process is rather aggressive and any deformities in a book may cause damage to already brittle specimens. Therefore, libraries would have to repair those books in less than desirable condition - specifically elements of the binding, leaf attachments, and text attachments - making the reasonable deacidification wash more expensive through conservation efforts.

Paper Splitting

Another option is paper splitting, [ [http://www.loc.gov/preserv/papertreng.html MDEP Paper Strengthening Pilot Program 2003-2005 (Preservation, Library of Congress) ] ] which dissects a book by its leaf and text attachment and treats each sheet of paper individually. Supervised by a book conservator, a paper conservator, and a conservation specialist, pages are literally pulled apart - fronts from backs - and a piece of alkaline paper is placed in between. The acid pages are then sandwiched back together with a non-acid buffer between them to slow the deterioration process. However, only ZFB (the Zentrum für Bucherhaltung) [ [http://www.zfb.com/en_version.php Mass Deacidification and Conservation for Libraries, Archives and Museums from one source ] ] offers this procedure (also called mechanical paper splitting). They claim the process is so refined, they have successfully split cigarette paper. Washes will de-acidify the paper though they will remain brittle; but paper splitting increases the strength and flexibility of the paper via the extra new sheet of buffered paper and the ZFB process includes de-acidification washes. [Brückle, I. and Dambrogio, J. [http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic39-03-001_indx.html "Paper splitting: History and modern technology"] "Journal of the American Institute for Conservation", 2000. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.] [Bansa, H. and Ishii, R. [https://www.uni-muenster.de/Forum-Bestandserhaltung/downloads/pfest-bansa.pdf "The Effect of Different Strengthening Methods on Different Kinds of Paper"] . "Restaurator", 1997. Retrieved on 2008-02-06.] [Liers, L., Wächter, W., and Müller, G. "Results of the paper splitting process." "Restaurator",1996.]

Microform

Microform is a reasonable option for Brittle Book preservation mainly because microfilm can last for 500 years, so long as it is stored in proper conditions and a microfilm reader is accessible. Even microfeche is easier to store than microfilm, providing strict organization methods are practices so sheets are not misplaced from the filing system. Despite its proven record of durability, microform is not a preferred method of digitization because of accessibility issues. In an increasingly electronic world, microform is becoming extinct due to its inability to be accessed over the Internet.

Digitization

Even though computer files usually carry around a five year shelf life, complete digital conversion of physical items is the preferred method. However, public libraries usually cannot afford the server space required for such large electronic files. Moreover, digitizing Brittle Books can cause problems with respect to copyright law. While the library is authorized to make a copy of a book it cannot obtain through reasonable means, having a digital copy offers the possibility of unauthorized distribution if circulated in this format. [ [http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byauth/oakley/brittle.html Copyright and Preservation-Brittle Books Preservation ] ]

Photocopies

Many repositories, such as the University of Kansas, [ [http://www.lib.ku.edu/preservation/BrittleBooks.shtml KU Libraries: Brittle Books Program ] ] opt for preservation-quality photocopies. A list-serv [ [http://www.lib.ku.edu/preservation/Brittle.shtml KU Libraries: Brittle Books Program ] ] is utilized for the posting of titles so a consortium of libraries can benefit from a reduced cost in replication so they may maintain their circulating collections. Maintained by OCLC, the submissions are processed at the OCLC Preservation Service Center and OCLC retains the digital copies produced as to defer any copyright issues away from the repositories subscribing to the service.

Future

As libraries move into the digital era, preservation practices attempt to move with them. Current and future projects in preserving brittle volumes are more likely to involve scanning and digitization rather than microfilming. A recent example of this is the "Digitizing America's Imprints" project at the Library of Congress which recently received a $2 million grant. [ [http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2007-02-01-digitizing-brittle-books_x.htm A $2M grant will digitize brittle books - USATODAY.com ] ]

Further reading

*Slow Fires: On the Preservation of the Human Record by Terry Sanders [ [http://www.clir.org/pubs/film/film.html CLIR Films ] ]
*Turning to Dust [ [http://www.mla.org/resources/documents/rep_preserving_collections/repview_preservingcol/preserving_col4 Responses to the Preservation Challenge ] ]
*Double Fold by Nicholson Baker

References