- Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
Giangiacomo Feltrinelli (
June 19 ,1926 -March 14 ,1972 ) was an Italian publisher and left-wing political activist. He founded the publishing house "Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore " in 1954. He was also acommunist and founded the GAP militant grouping in 1970. [cite news | title = Man of all qualities: the enigma of Giangiacomo Feltrinelli | publisher = Harper's Magazine | date =2001-05-01 ] cite journal | title = Guns and Gray Matter: Terrorism in Italy | author = Alberto Ronchey | journal = Foreign Affairs | year = 1979 | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 921–940] GAP would become the second terrorist organization to be formed during theYears of Lead .Early life
Giangiacomo was born into one of Italy's wealthiest families descendents of
Feltre , asmarquess of Gargnano. His father Carl served in high positions with numerous companies including jobs in the lumber field. The young Giangiacomo first took an interest in the lives of workers and the poor during discussions with the staff who ran his family's estate. He came to believe that, undercapitalism the vast majority of people could never attain his privileges and were compelled to sell their labour to the indusrialists and landowners for a pittance.Fact|date=August 2007 During the latter stages of the World War II, Giangiacomo joined the partisans, led by theItalian Communist Party (PCI), fighting the invading German army and the remnants of Mussolini's regime. It was a small step from this to formally joining the PCI. Over the next few years, Giangiacomo played a key role in financing the activities of the PCI.In the post-war period the PCI held a very powerful position amongst the Italian electorate. The country was in economic ruins and the Party's opposition to Mussolini had gaind it great poplarity. Given the widespread radicalisation in society, it would have been easily attainabe for the PCI to embark on a struggle to peacefully take power on a number of occasions. The leadership of the Party, however, was firmly under the influence and control of
Joseph Stalin . Under his orders, the PCI involved itself in coalition governments in Italy, which would see them sharing power with progressive capitalist parties. But even this was too much for Italian Anti-Communists, who were afraid that the PCI in office would unleash a revolution from above.Publisher
Near the end of 1954, Giangiacomo established a reputable publishing company, "Feltrinelli Editore". The first published book from the Milan publishing house was the autobiography of the first Indian minister,
Jawaharlal Nehru . In the late 1950s Feltrinelli accidentally came across the manuscript of the novel "Doctor Zhivago " by the Russian writerBoris Pasternak . Set in Russia, the novel follows a multitude of characters from 1903 to 1943, the period of revolution, Leninism and Stalinism. At once, Feltrinelli saw a masterpiece.Nikita Khrushchev , the and the PCI leaders saw it entirely differently and refused to allow any criticism whatsoever of theSoviet Union .Senoir Service records the fascinating correspondence between Feltrinelli and Pasternak, as they successfully resisted clumsy attempts by the Soviet regime to halt publication of the novel. However, "Doctor Zhivago" immediately became an international best seller, to be followed by several popular film adaptations. As a result of his defiance of Moscow, Feltrinelli was expelled from the PCI in disgrace.
"Feltrinelli Editore" scored another coup in 1958 and became the first to publish "
The Leopard ", byGiuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa . Described as the greatest novel of the century, "The Leopard" centres on the Sicilian nobility during theRisorgimento , when the Italian middle class rose violently and formed a united Italy underGuiseppe Garibaldi and theHouse of Savoy .Whatever his own reading tastes, Feltrinelli was always keen to promote the
avant-garde , including the works of the influential Group 63 literary circle. He also took the risk of illegally publishing and distributing novels banned under obscenity laws, such asHenry Miller 's "Tropic of Cancer ".Activism
Feltrinelli spent the next years travelling the world and making links with various radical
Third World leaders andanti-imperialist andguerrilla movements . In 1964, Feltrinelli meets the leader of the Cuban revolution,Fidel Castro , supporter of the main South American and international movements of liberation, with which long friendship was hoped to be established. In 1967, Feltrinelli arrives inBolivia and meets withRégis Debray . He published the writings of figures such as Fidel Castro,Che Guevara ,Ho Chi Minh , and a series of pamphlets on the unfolding revolution in the colonial world and the Middle East.Feltrinelli's political ideas were confused and contradictory.Fact|date=May 2008 Lacking an independent class analysis, he increasingly sought to advocate guerrilla struggle to further the aims of the Italian working class.Fact|date=May 2008 But guerrilla campaigns could only play a role in fighting the ruling classes in underdeveloped countries, where the peasantry predominated.Fact|date=May 2008 Even then, isolated from a struggle of the working class, guerrilla movements could not provide a route to genuine socialist states.Fact|date=May 2008 By contrast, Italy was a modern capitalist country. Here the struggle for power lay in the weapons of collective action by the working class, including the general strike.
GAP
The late 1960s and early 1970s saw a period of renewed student and labour struggles both in Italy and internationally, marking the end of the post-war economic boom and a new offensive by the bosses. Many in Italy feared an attempted coup by the rightwing in response. As the conservative labour and PCI leaders refused to develop the mass movements, and confusion and impatience grew amongst some middle class youth and workers, Feltrinelli prioritised organising clandestine resistance to the right-wing threat. Along with the sprouting of other underground terrorist groups, such as the
Red Brigades , he established thePartisan Action Group (GAP). As the GAP carried out a series of small-scale bomb attacks against neo-fascist targets and employers, Fetrinelli was forced into hiding.Death
On March 14, 1972, Giangiacomo Feltrinelli was found dead at the foot of an electricity pylon near Milan, apparently killed by his own explosives while on an operation with other GAP members. Like his father's death, the passing of Giangiacomo was immediately viewed suspiciously. Many believed Italian secret services, which had a number of informants in the underground groups, had a part in his death.
Epilogue
The sum contribution of the short-lived GAP to the class struggle, like the Red Brigades, was to disorientate some sections of the working class and to give the state excuses to use repressive measures. Yet 8,000 youth and workers attended Feltrinelli's funeral. Undoubtedly, they were paying homage to a son of the ruling class who had broken ranks and pursued an intransigent goal of revolution, as well as having created a valuable publishing house whose affordable publications both informed and enlightened.
References
Further reading
*cite book | author = Carlo Feltrinelli | title = Feltrinelli: A Story of Riches, Revolution, and Violent Death | year = 2002 | publisher = Harcourt
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